Liceo scientifico

Liceo scientifico (Italian pronunciation: [liˈtʃeːo ʃenˈtiːfiko], literally "scientific lyceum") is a type of secondary school in Italy. It is designed to give students the skills to progress to any university or higher educational institution.[1] Students can attend the liceo scientifico after successfully completing middle school (scuola media).

Liceo scientifico statale Camillo Cavour in Rome

The curriculum is devised by the Ministry of Education, and emphasises the link between the humanistic tradition and scientific culture.[1] It covers a complete and widespread range of disciplines, including Italian language and literature, mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, history, philosophy, Latin language and culture, English language and culture, art history and technical drawing.[2] Students typically study for five years, and attend the school from the age of 14 to 19. At the end of the fifth year all students sit for the esame di Stato, a final examination which leads to the maturità scientifica.

A student attending a liceo is called liceale, although the more generic terms studente (male) and studentessa (female) are also in common use. Teachers are known as professore (male) or professoressa (female).

History

The law Daneo-Credaro

A Royal Commission established in 1906 presented a reform plan[3] that included, among other things, three five-year high schools:

  • the liceo classico (classical lyceum), which was based on the then existing liceo - established by the Casati law - and was characterized by the teaching of classical languages (Ancient Greek and Latin, from which is based the Italian language); allowed access to any university faculty;
  • the liceo moderno (modern lyceum), without Greek, with the strengthening of the foreign language (French), with the teaching of a second foreign language (German or English), of the law and the economy; it did not allow access to the Faculty of Letters;
  • the liceo scientifico (scientific lyceum), without classical languages, with the teaching of a second foreign language and a strengthening of scientific subjects; it did not allow access to the Faculties of Letters and Jurisprudence.

The proposal was accepted by the minister Luigi Credaro in 1911 (Daneo-Credaro law). See the entry History of education in Italy for further details.

Disciplines Classico Moderno Scientifico
I II III IV V TOT I II III IV V TOT I II III IV V TOT
Italian 5 4 4 4 4 21 5 4 4 4 4 21 5 4 4 4 4 21
Latin 8 6 6 6 6 32 6 5 4 4 3 22 - - - - - 0
(Ancient) Greek - 5 5 5 5 20 - - - - - 0 - - - - - 0
French 3 2 - - - 5 4 2 2 2 2 12 3 2 - - - 5
English or German - - - - - 0 - 5 4 3 3 15 3 3 3 3 3 15
History 3 3 3 3 3 15 3 3 3 3 3 15 3 3 3 3 3 15
Geography 2 2 2 - - 6 2 2 2 2 - 8 2 2 2 2 2 10
Philosophy - - 3 2 3 8 - - 3 2 3 8 - - 3 2 3 8
Mathematics 2 2 2 2 2 10 2 2 2 2 2 10 5 5 5 5 5 25
Physics - - - 3 2 5 - - - 3 3 6 - - 3 3 3 9
Chemistry - - 2 - - 2 - - 2 - - 2 3 3 - - - 6
Natural history 2 2 - - 2 6 2 2 - - 2 6 2 2 2 2 2 10
Law and political economy - - - - - 0 - - - 3 3 6 - - - - - 0
Drawing - - - - - 0 2 2 - - - 4 2 2 2 2 2 10
Physical education (Sports) 2 2 2 2 2 10 2 2 2 2 2 10 2 2 2 2 2 10
Total hours per week 27 28 29 27 29 130 28 29 28 30 30 135 30 28 29 28 29 134

Gentile reform

The liceo scientifico was confirmed, but radically modified, in 1923 with the Gentile reform,[4] which at the same time suppressed the liceo moderno and the physical-mathematical section of the Regio Istituto Tecnico (Royal Technical Institute). The course was of four years and ended with the Diploma, an extremely demanding state exam with five written tests (Italian, Latin, mathematics, foreign language and drawing) and an oral interview-test (which covered all the subjects studied in the last three years of the course), lasting one hour, in two sessions: one for the literary subjects and one for the scientific subjects.

After the first four years of one of the three lower secondary schools which, at the time, allowed the continuation of the studies (ginnasio, lower technical institute and the istituto magistrale inferiore) and after passing an entrance examination.

The original liceo scientifico was evidently derived from the ginnasio-liceo (gymnasium-lyceum) (the current liceo classico), but compared to this it had the disadvantage of not allowing access to studies of letters and philosophy and above all of jurisprudence whose degree course, in addition to presenting some specific professions (judiciary, advocacy, notary) was attended by most of those who held positions of command. The proposal of the Gentile liceo scientifico was examined by a Commission of the Accademia dei Lincei[5] which deprecated the unification of disparate subjects and the fact that, despite the name, of "scientific" it had very little, especially when compared to the physical-mathematical section of the Regio Istituto Tecnico, just deleted. And indeed, calculating the total weekly hours over the four years, the main subjects were Latin (16 hours), then Italian, foreign language and mathematics (14 hours).[6]

Also, should be considered that, at the time, the three lower-secondary-schools that allowed the continuation of the studies (the ginnasio, the istituto tecnico inferiore and the istituto magistrale inferiore), were preparatory to as many secondary schools (liceo, istituto tecnico superiore and istituto magistrale superiore). In this outline, without an "own" lower-secondary-school counterpart, was inserted the liceo scientifico which was accessible both from the ginnasio and, after the admission examination, from the istituto tecnico or the istituto magistrale. This meant that to attend the liceo scientifico it was necessary to "change" school, even physically because the lower-secondary-schools were housed in the same buildings of the respective higher-secondary-schools, with which they constituted a single course of study. And this change was unnatural both for those who attended the gymnasium, which folded on a de fact "inferior"-school because already at the beginning precluded some prestigious professional outlets, both for those who attended the other two institutes, and after four years of study had to give up at a title immediately expendable in the way of work to go to attend a high school, which evidently required quite another application, moreover with a demanding entrance examination.

For all these reasons, the liceo scientifico had a little success so much that, in a city like Rome, the second liceo scientifico (the Liceo scientifico "Augusto Righi") arrived only in 1946.

timetable outline

Liceo scientifico (1923 - 1940) I II III IV
Italian language 4 4 3 3
Latin language 3 4 4 4
Foreign language 4 4 3 3
History 3 3 2 2
Philosophy - - 4 4
Mathematics 5 3 3 3
Physics - 2 3 3
Natural sciences 3 3 2 2
Drawing and art history 3 2 2 2
Total hours per week 25 25 26 26

Bottai Reform

The structure of the liceo scientifico changed in 1940, when the Bottai reform[7] established the single three-years scuola media and the access to the high schools was rationalized; those who wanted to attend the liceo scientifico did not have to change schools, or rather, at the end of lower-secondary-school, everyone had to change schools to attend the chosen secondary school. The liceo scientifico began to establish itself and the number of students grew steadily until reaching the number of students of the liceo classico. Persisted the prohibition on signing in letters and jurisprudence faculties.

Because of the war events, the timetable has been altered several times and the final one will only be in 1952.[8]

Apart from a few tweaks to the timetable, a consequence of the extension of the liceo to a five-year type, the new course reproduced the previous course. The most important subject for number of hours remained Latin (20), then Italian (19), mathematics (18) and foreign language (17).

In 1962 it was established that the scientific examination was valid for the signing into any faculty excluded letters;[9] was, in fact, allowed the signation also into the jurisprudence faculty.

From 1969 onwards, when access to university was liberalized, there was a real boom at the liceo scientifico, so much that at the approval of the Gelmini reform (2010), among the students signed in the last year of the course, the liceo scientifico had 103000 students compared to 51000 of the liceo classico[10] Nowadays the liceo scientifico, among the Italian high schools, is the one that welcomes the relative majority of students (22 percent, of which more than a half are females).[11][12]

The substantial prevalence of Latin with respect to the same scientific-mathematical subjects and the greater number of students enrolled in the liceo scientifico have meant that Italy is still, among Western countries, the one in which Latin is more studied (40 percent of signed in high schools, of which more than half[13] at the liceo scientifico) thing that has caused quite a few controversies.[14]

Timetable outline

Liceo scientifico (1952 - 2010) Biennium Triennium
I II III IV V
Italian language and literature 4 4 4 3 4
Latin language and literature 4 5 4 4 3
Foreign Language and literature 3 4 3 3 4
History 3 2 2 2 3
Geography 2 - - - -
Philosophy - - 2 3 3
Mathematics 5 4 3 3 3
Physics - - 2 3 3
Natural sciences (Natural science, chemistry and astronomy) - 2 3 3 2
Drawing and History of art 1 3 2 2 2
Physical education 2 2 2 2 2
Catholic religion or alternative activities 1 1 1 1 1
Total hours per week 25 27 28 29 30

Sperimentazioni (1970-2010)

Sperimentazioniwere alternative experimental curriculum bands offered in Liceo scientifico. These specialisms were based on the official curriculum, but enriched by increasing the number of hours dedicated to one or more subjects, or including new subjects. They started in the seventies, when more local autonomy was granted. Schools could offer one or more specialism. When the Gelmini reform (2010) came into force, practically all the high schools were offering these experimental streams.

The most widespread alternative streams were:

  • P.N.I. ("National Plan of Computer studies" specialism)[15][16]
  • bilinguismo (Bilinguism specialism)[17]
  • scienze naturali (Natural sciences specialism).[18]
  • con studi musicali riconosciuti (Alternative with recognixed musical studies)
  • sportiva (Sports specialism)
  • umanistica (Humanistic specialism)
  • scientifico-tecnologica (Brocca) (Scientific-technological specialism)
  • scientifico-biologica (Brocca) (Scientific-biological specialism)
  • P.N.I. con bilinguismo (P.N.I. specialism with bilinguism)

P.N.I.
Liceo scientifico (up to 2010)
sperimentazione P.N.I.		 Biennium Triennium
I II III IV V
Italian language and literature 4 4 4 4 4
Latin language and literature 4 5 4 3 3
Foreign language and literature 3 4 3 3 4
History 3 2 2 2 3
Geography 2 - - - -
Philosophy - - 2 3 3
Mathematics (included Computer Technology) 5 5 5 5 5
Physics 3 3 3 3 3
Natural sciences (Natural science, chemistry and astronomy) - 2 3 3 2
Drawings and history of art 2 2 2 2 2
Physical education 2 2 2 2 2
Catholic religion or alternative activities 1 1 1 1 1
Total hours per week 29 30 31 31 32

Bilinguismo
Liceo scientifico (up to 2010)
sperimentazione bilinguismo		 Biennium Triennium
I II III IV V
Italian language and literature 4 4 4 3 4
Latin language and literature 4 5 4 4 3
Foreign language and literature 3 4 3 3 4
Second foreign language and literature 3 3 3 3 3
History 3 2 2 2 3
Geography 2 - - - -
Philosophy - - 2 3 3
Mathematics 5 4 3 3 3
Physics - - 2 3 3
Natural sciences (Natural science, chemistry and astronomy) - 2 3 3 2
Drawing and history of art 1 3 2 2 2
Physical education 2 2 2 2 2
Catholic religion or alternative activities 1 1 1 1 1
Total hours per week 28 30 31 32 33

Natural sciences
Liceo scientifico (up to 2010)
sperimentazione scienze		 Biennium Triennium
I II III IV V
Italian language and literature 4 4 4 3 4
Latin language and literature 4 5 4 4 3
Foreign language and literature 3 4 3 3 4
History 3 2 2 2 3
Geography 2 - - - -
Philosophy - - 2 3 3
Mathematics 5 4 3 3 3
Physics - - 2 3 3
Natural sciences (Natural science, chemistry and astronomy) 3 4 4 4 3
Drawing and history of art 2 2 2 2 2
Physical education 2 2 2 2 2
Catholic religion or alternative activities 1 1 1 1 1
Total hours per week 29 28 29 30 31

Brocca scientifica

The Liceo scientifico a indirizzo Brocca included, before the Gelmini reform, in addition of how included in the traditional Liceo scientifico, the law and economy subjects at the biennium, the laboratories of chemistry and physics, the computer technology included in the mathematics subjects for all the five years, and more hours of sciences (chemistry, biology, earth sciences). The various subjects in the five years of course are distributed as follows:

Progetto Brocca (1992-2010)
Sperimentazione scientifica		 Biennium Triennium
I II III IV V
Italian language and literature 5 5 4 4 4
Latin language and literature 4 4 3 3 3
Foreign language and literature 3 3 3 3 3
History 2 2 2 2 2
Geography 2 2 - - -
Philosophy - - 2 3 3
Mathematics and Computer Technology 5 5 6 6 5
Laboratory of physics and chemistry 3 3 - - -
Earth sciences 3 - - - 2
Biology - 3 3 2 2
Physics - - 4 3 3
Chemistry - - 2 3 2
History of art or music 2 2 2 2 2
Law and economy 2 2 - - -
Physical education 2 2 2 2 2
Catholic religion or alternative activities 1 1 1 1 1
Total hours per week 34 34 34 34 34

Brocca scientifico-tecnologica

This option was one of the seventeen lyceum courses developed by the Project Brocca. This course was characterized by the absence of Latin, by the addition of information technology, technology and drawing, and by the considerable number of hours for laboratorial work.

Progetto Brocca (1992-2010)
Sperimentazione scientifico-tecnologica		 Biennium Triennium
I II III IV V
Italian language and literature 5 5 4 4 4
Foreign language and literature 3 3 3 3 3
History 2 2 2 2 3
Geography 3 - - - -
Philosophy - - 2 3 3
Law and economy 2 2 - - -
Mathematics and Computer Technology 5 5 - - -
Mathematics - - 4 4 4
Computer Technology and informatic systems - - 3 3 3
Laboratory of physics and chemistry 5 5 - - -
Physics and laboratory - - 4 3 4
Chemistry and laboratory - - 3 3 3
Biology and laboratory - 3 4 2 2
Earth sciences 3 - - 2 2
Technology and drawing 3 6 - - -
Drawing - - 2 2 -
Physical education 2 2 2 2 2
Catholic religion or alternative activities 1 1 1 1 1
Total hours per week 34 34 34 34 34

Gelmini reform (2010) and the current curriculum

The current course stems from the Gelmini reform[19] and entered into force on 1 September 2010. Compared to the 1947 course of regulation, there is a significant increase in the number of hours devoted to scientific subjects and a lightening of Latin. At the time the reform came into force, all the experimentations activated were banned. However, a school autonomy is provided which allows each lyceum to redistribute up to 20% of the total hours between the various courses or to activate new ones. The reform has created a new curriculum, the applied sciences option, which gathers the experiences of the pre-existent Brocca scientifico-tecnologica and Brocca scientifico-biologica experimentations that, compared to the liceo scientifico basic curriculum, includes a reduction in the number of hours dedicated to humanistic subjects, the elimination of Latin, an increase in the hours of mathematics, physics and natural sciences and the addition of computer technology as a separated subject. For this reason the "liceo scientifico ad opzione delle scienze applicate" is present mainly at school facilities that already housed Technical Institutes, where laboratory practice is already consolidated.

The liceo scientifico mostly follows the liceo classico, adopting the same ministerial programs for teaching Italian, history and geography (for the biennium), and philosophy. For the rest, the course includes a weakening of the hours and programs concerning the Latin language and the history of the triennium to facilitate the in-depth study of scientific disciplines such as mathematics, physics, natural sciences and Computer Technology, this last only in the applied sciences option; there is also the teaching of geometric and architectural drawing.[20]

It is included the teaching, in a foreign language (the language must be a co-official language of the European Union different from the main language of the curse), of a non-linguistic subject (due to CLIL European project) included in the area of activities and compulsory courses for all students or in the area of the teachings that can be activated by the educational institutions within the limits of the teaching staff annually assigned.

Sports curriculum

The first phase of changes to the order structure brought about by the Gelmini reform did not touch on some experimentations and addresses already activated, including the lyceums sports curricula. The revision of these guidelines was launched in 2008,[21] and ended with the proposal in 2011 of a sports curriculum that can be activated at lyceum institutes.[22]

The curriculum is an articulation of the liceo scientifico[23] and issues a scientific baccalaureate curriculum sporting courses.[22] Presents the study of a new subject: "Sports law and economics", there is an increase in the hours of physical and sports sciences and of the natural sciences, while the Latin language is absent (in some cases it is included for 3 hours a week among biennium and triennium) and the history of art, also, the hours devoted to philosophy have been reduced.[24]

The first curse with sports curriculum was inaugurated in the school year 2012-2013 at the liceo scientifico of the Convitto Nazionale "Vittorio Emanuele II" of Rome, in collaboration with the "Giulio Onesti" Olympic Preparation Center of the CONI.[25][26]

The study plan is as follows:[22]

Liceo scientifico (from 2012)
opzione sportiva		 biennium triennium
I II III IV V
Italian language and literature 4 4 4 4 4
Foreign language and culture 3 3 3 3 3
History and Geography 3 3 - - -
History - - 2 2 2
Philosophy - - 2 2 2
Mathematics 1 5 5 4 4 4
Physics 2 2 3 3 3
Natural sciences 2 3 3 3 3 3
Sports Law and economy - - 3 3 3
physical and sports sciences 3 3 3 3 3
Sport disciplines 3 3 2 2 2
Religion or alternative activities 1 1 1 1 1
Total hours per week 27 27 30 30 30

It is included the teaching, in a foreign language (the language must be a co-official language of the European Union different from the main language of the curse), of a non-linguistic subject (due to CLIL European project) included in the area of activities and compulsory courses for all students or in the area of the teachings that can be activated by the educational institutions within the limits of the teaching staff annually assigned.

Final exam
Main article: Secondary education in Italy § Terminal examination

As all kind of Italian high secondary school, also the liceo scientifico ends with an examination whose final score is on a 100-point scale. The exam is compound of three different written tests and an oral test:[27]

  • Prima prova (first test), an Italian Language written test, same as in the other kinds of Italian high seconday school. In those parts of Italy where Italian is not the only official language, the first test can be alternatively held in the local co-official language (German in province of Bolzano, Slovenian in some areas of the province of Trieste and Ladin in some municipalities of the provinces of Trento and Bolzano)[28]
  • seconda prova (second test), a written test of mathematics or physics, decided at national level for each curriculum. This test for the liceo scientifico is compound by 2 problems and 10 questions, the examinee have to choose and resolve 1 problem and 5 questions out of them, problems and questions vary among curricula[29]
  • terza prova (third test), a multidisciplinary test decided by the exam committee, which contains questions about four subjects of the last year of course, two subjects are nationally chosen, while the other two are chosen by the school, one of the four subjects must be a foreign language

This test was removed in 2018, all subject now were asked in the colloquio orale

  • colloquio orale (oral interview), an overall oral test (prova orale) regarding all the subjects of the last year, during the oral test, the exam committee value a presentation made by the examinee related to the last years arguments and as questions related to the presentation or to the previous tests (an oral test judged sufficient is awarded at least 13 points)[27]

Students are examined by an exam committee which is formed in equal parts by their own teachers and teachers coming from other schools. The first and second tests are written by the Ministry of Education, while the third test and the oral test are prepared and administered by the exam committee.[27]

The total score is the sum of the pre-exam score, the written tests scores and the oral test score. Examinee whom at the end of the third written test have less than 30 total points are not admitted to the oral test. If the total points exceed 100, the final score is rounded to 100, if the total points exceed 101, the final score becomes 100 con lode (100 cum laude). The final exam is passed with a score of 60 or more.

The final exam is officially called esame di Stato (state exam), although the old name esame di maturità (maturity exam) is still in common use.

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See also

References
  1. Decreto del Presidente della Repubblica 89/2010 - Regolamento di revisione dei licei. Available here. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
  2. Decreto del Presidente della Repubblica 89/2010, Appendix F - Regolamento di revisione dei licei, Allegato F. Available here. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
  3. university of Turin (ed.). "Progetto di riforma della Commissione Reale, 1909. Materie e orari di insegnamento, in Commissione Reale per l'Ordinamento degli Studi Secondari in Italia. "Orari", Relazione" [Reform Project of the Royal Commission, 1909. Subjects and teaching hours, Royal Commission for the Regulation of Secondary Studies in Italy. "Timetable", Report] (PDF). unito.it (in Italian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2012.
  4. edscuola (ed.). "Regio Decreto 6 maggio 1923, n. 1054 Ordinamento della istruzione media e dei convitti nazionali" [Royal Decree 6 May 1923, N. 1054 Regulation of the secondary education e and national boarding schools] (PDF). edscuola.it (in Italian). Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  5. university of Ferrara (ed.). "I matematici italiani e la riforma Gentile / La reazione dei Lincei" [Italian mathematicians and the reform Gentile / The reaction of the Lincei] (PDF). unife.it (in Italian). Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  6. university of Turin (ed.). "Riforma Gentile, 1923. Materie e orari di insegnamento del Ginnasio-Liceo, in Orari e programmi per le regie scuole medie" [Gentile reform, 1923. Subjects and teaching hours of the Gymnasium-Lyceum, in Schedules and programs for the royal middle schools] (PDF). unito.it (in Italian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2011.
  7. Law 889/1940
  8. edscuola (ed.). "Decreto Ministeriale 1 dicembre 1952 / Orari e obblighi di insegnamento negli Istituti di istruzione media, classica, scientifica e magistrale" [Ministerial Decree 1 December 1952 / Schedules and duties of teaching in the Institutes of medium, classical, scientific and masterly education]. edscuola.it (in Italian). Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  9. edscuola (ed.). "Legge 31 dicembre 1962, n. 1859 / Istruzione e ordinamento della scuola media statale" [Law 31 December 1962 / Education and organization of the secondary school] (PDF). edscuola.it (in Italian). Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  10. La Repubblica, ed. (13 June 2010). "La Repubblica" (in Italian). GEDI Gruppo Editoriale: 20. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  11. Ministero della Pubblica Istruzione, ed. (September 2007) [2007]. "I numeri della scuola" [The numbers of the school] (PDF). edscuola.it (in Italian). Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  12. Legge 910/1969 - Provvedimenti urgenti per l'Università. Available here. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
  13. Ministero della Pubblica Istruzione, ed. (2008) [2008]. "ISCRIZIONI SCUOLE SUPERIORI: SU 100 RAGAZZI, 57 HANNO SCELTO ISTITUTI TECNICI E PROFESSIONALI. / PER LA PRIMA VOLTA, NEGLI ULTIMI ANNI, INVERSIONE DI TENDENZA: SALGONO I TECNICI SCENDONO I LICEI" [SUPERIOR SCHOOLS REGISTRATION: OF 100 BOYS, 57 CHOOSE TECHNICAL AND PROFESSIONAL INSTITUTES. / FOR THE FIRST TIME, IN THE LAST YEARS, TREND REVERSE: THE TECHNICAL (institutes) ARE GIVING UP THE LYCEUMS]. pubblica.istruzione.it (in Italian). Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  14. Casalegno, Andrea (13 June 2010). Il Sole 24 ORE (ed.). "SCUOLA SECONDARIA / L'attualità inattuale del classico" [SECONDARY SCHOOL / The current outdated classical lyceum] (in Italian). Gruppo 24 ORE. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  15. Ministero della Pubblica Istruzione (ed.). "Circolare Ministeriale 6 febbraio 1991, n. 24" [Ministerial Circular 6 February 1991, n. 24]. edscuola.it (in Italian). Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  16. C.M. 27 settembre 1996, n. 615 - Piano Nazionale per l'introduzione dell'informatica nelle scuole secondarie superiori. Indicazioni programmatiche relative all'insegnamento della matematica nel triennio del liceo ginnasio e del liceo scientifico e nel secondo biennio dell'istituto magistrale. Available here. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
  17. Ministero della Pubblica Istruzione (ed.). "Circolare Ministeriale 8 giugno 1992, n. 198" [Ministerial Circular 8 June 1992, n. 24]. edscuola.it (in Italian). Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  18. Ministero della Pubblica Istruzione (ed.). "Circolare Ministeriale 1994, n. 640" [Ministerial Circular 1994, n. 640]. (in Italian).
  19. Legge 30 ottobre 2008, n. 169 - Disposizioni urgenti in materia di istruzione e università. Available here. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
  20. "D.P.R. 89/2010 - Regolamento di revisione dei licei - Allegato B" [Decree of the President of the Republic 2010, N. 89 Regulation of revision of the lyceums - Annex B] (PDF). indire.it (in Italian). Ministero dell′Istruzione, dell′Università e della Ricerca (MIUR). Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  21. "Schema di regolamento recante "Revisione dell'assetto ordinamentale, organizzativo e didattico dei licei ai sensi dell'articolo 64, comma 4, del decreto legge 25 giugno 2008, n. 112, convertito (in legge) dalla legge 6 agosto 2008, n. 133"" [Scheme of regulation on "Revision of the regulatory, organizational and didactic structure of lyceums according to article 64, paragraph 4, of the Decree Law of 25 June 2008, N. 112, converted (into law) by the law 6 August 2008, N. 133"] (PDF). edscuola.it (in Italian). =Ministero dell′Istruzione, dell′Università e della Ricerca (MIUR). 2010 [2008]. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  22. "Schema di decreto del Presidente della Repubblica recante: "Regolamento di organizzazione dei percorsi della sezione ad indirizzo sportivo del sistema dei licei, a norma dell'articolo 3, comma 2, del decreto del Presidente della Repubblica 15 marzo 2010, n. 89"" [Scheme of Decree of the President of the Republic on: "Regulations for the organization of the coures of the sports section of the lyceums system, in accordance with Article 3, paragraph 2, of the Decree of the President of the Republic 15 March 2010, N. 89"] (PDF). flcgil.stgy.it (in Italian). Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  23. "La ricetta di Profumo: Dal 2013 partirà il liceo sportivo / Il ministro dell'Istruzione: «Uno scientifico con più ore di educazione fisica»" [The recipe of Profumo: From 2013 the sports lyceum will start / The minister of education: «A scientific (lyceum) with more hours of physical education»]. La Stampa (in Italian). GEDI Gruppo Editoriale. 2012. Archived from the original on 2 May 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  24. "In arrivo dal 2013 i Licei sportivi - Profumo: più attenti all'educazione fisica" [The recipe of Profumo: From 2013 the sports lyceum will start / The minister of education: «A scientific (lyceum) with more hours of physical education»]. Il Messaggero (in Italian). Caltagirone Editore. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
  25. "Inaugurazione sez. Liceo Scientifico indirizzo sportivo" [Inauguration sec. Scientific Lyceum curriculum Sports]. convittonazionaleroma.com (in Italian). Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri. 2012 [2012]. Archived from the original on 5 June 2015. Retrieved 3 October 2012.
  26. "Nasce il liceo dello sport. / È il primo della Capitale" [Bornes the lyceum of the sport. / It is the first in the capital]. Roma La Repubblica (in Italian). GEDI Gruppo Editoriale. 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  27. "Legge 1 gennaio 2007, n. 1 - "Disposizioni in materia di esami di Stato conclusivi dei corsi di studio di istruzione secondaria superiore e delega al Governo in materia di raccordo tra la scuola e le università"" [Law 1 January 2007, N. 1 - "Disposals about the final state exams of secondary high school and government delegation about connection between the school and the universities"]. parlamento.it (in Italian). Senato della Repubblica. 2007. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
  28. "Secondo Ciclo: Archivio tracce prove scritte - a.s. 2013/2014" [Second cicle: written tests Archive - s.y. 2013/2014]. istruzione.it (in Italian). Ministero dell′Istruzione, dell′Università e della Ricerca (MIUR). 2014.
  29. Archived tests (in Italian) (PDF): 2005: traditional, P.N.I. experimental; 2006: traditional, P.N.I. experimental; 2007: traditional, P.N.I. experimental; 2008: traditional, P.N.I. experimental; 2009: traditional, P.N.I. experimental; 2010: traditional, P.N.I. experimental; 2011: traditional, P.N.I. experimental; 2012: traditional, P.N.I. experimental; 2013: traditional, P.N.I. experimental; 2014: traditional, P.N.I. traditional; 2015: traditional (LI02, EA02) and applied sciences option (LI03, EA09), German international option (LIB2) and ESABAC French (EA10), international – Italian-English option (IA48) and Spanish international option (LIA2), communications sports-option (IB72), international Chinese option (LIC2); 2016: traditional (LI02, EA02) and applied sciences option (LI03, EA09), German international option (LIB2) and ESABAC French (EA10)communications sports-option (IB72), (LIA2), international Italian-English option (LII2)
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