Lane splitting

Lane splitting is riding a bicycle or motorcycle between lanes or rows of slow moving or stopped traffic moving in the same direction.[1][2] It is sometimes called whitelining, or stripe-riding.[3][4] This allows riders to save time, bypassing traffic congestion, and may also be safer than stopping behind stationary vehicles.[2][3][5][6]

Motorcyclists and riders of other two-wheeled conveyances filter through stopped traffic at an intersection in Bangkok, Thailand

Filtering or filtering forward describes moving through traffic that is stopped, such as at a red traffic light.[7][8]

In the developing world
Traffic in Bangalore, India, 2008

In population-dense and traffic-congested urban areas, particularly in the developing world, the space between larger vehicles is filled with a wide variety of different kinds of two-wheeled vehicles, as well as pedestrians, and many other human or animal powered conveyances.[9] In places such as Bangkok, Thailand and in Indonesia, the ability of motorcycles to take advantage of the space between cars has led to the growth of a motorcycle taxi industry.[10][11] In Indonesia, the motorcycle is the most common type of vehicle.[12]

Unlike typical developed nations that have only a handful of vehicle types on their roads, many types of transport will share the same roads as cars and trucks; this diversity is extreme in Delhi, India, where more than 40 modes of transportation regularly use the roads. In contrast, New York City, for example, has perhaps five modes, and in parts of America a vast majority of traffic is made up of two types of vehicles on the road: cars and trucks.[13]

It has been suggested that highly diverse and adaptive modes of road use are capable of moving very large numbers of people in a given space compared with cars and trucks remaining within the bounds of marked lanes.[14][13] On roads where modes of transportation are mingled this can cause a reduced efficiency for all modes.[15]

Safety

Filtering forward, in stopped or extremely slow traffic, requires very slow speed and awareness that in a door zone, vehicle doors may unexpectedly open. Also, unexpected vehicle movements such as lane changes may occur with little warning. Buses and tractor-trailers require extreme care, as the cyclist may be nearly invisible to the drivers who may not expect someone to be filtering forward. To avoid a hook collision with a turning vehicle at an intersection after filtering forward to the intersection, cyclists are taught to either take a position directly in front of the stopped lead vehicle, or stay behind the lead vehicle. Cyclists should not stop directly at the passenger side of the lead vehicle, that being a blind spot.[16][17][18]

Research

Little safety research in the United States has directly examined the question of lane splitting. The European MAIDS report studied the causes of motorcycle accidents in four countries where it is legal and one where it is not, yet reached no conclusion as to whether it contributed to or prevented accidents.[4] Proponents of lane splitting state that the author of the Hurt Report of 1981, Harry Hurt, implied that lane splitting improves motorcycle safety by reducing rear end crashes.[19] However, in subsequent interviews, Hurt stated that there is no factual evidence to support this claim.[20]

Lane splitting supporters also state that the US DOT FARS database shows that fatalities from rear-end collisions into motorcycles are 30% lower in California than in Florida or Texas, states with similar riding seasons and populations but which do not lane split.[21] No specifics are given about where this conclusion is found in the FARS system. The database is available online to the public.[22] The NHTSA does say, based on the Hurt Report, that lane splitting "slightly reduces" rear-end accidents, and is worthy of further study due to the possible congestion reduction benefits.[2]

Lane splitting is never mentioned anywhere in the Hurt Report, and all of the data was collected in California, so no comparison was made between of lane splitting vs. non-lane splitting. The Hurt Report ends with a list of 55 specific findings, such as "Fuel system leaks and spills are present in 62% of the motorcycle accidents in the post-crash phase. This represents an undue hazard for fire." None of these findings mentions lane splitting, or rear-end collisions. The legislative and law enforcement advice that follows this list does not mention lane splitting or suggest laws be changed with regard to lane splitting.

In a May 2015 study researchers from UC Berkeley's Safe Transportation Research and Education Center (SafeTREC) found that accidents resulting from lane-splitting are relatively safe if they occur when traffic is moving at 50 mph or less, and if motorcyclists do not exceed the speed of other vehicles by more than 15 mph.[23] The report also found that compared with other motorcyclists involved in a collision in California, lane-splitting riders were less likely to be rear-ended than other non-lane-splitting riders (6 percent vs 4.6 percent). They also were less likely to suffer head injury (9 percent versus 17 percent), torso injury (19 percent versus 29 percent) and fatal injury (1.2 percent versus 3 percent).[24] However lane-splitting riders who were involved in collisions were also more than twice as likely to rear-end another vehicle (38.4 percent versus 15.7 percent).[24]

In Europe, the MAIDS Report was conducted using Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) standards in 1999–2000 and collected data on over 900 motorcycle accidents in five countries, along with non-accident exposure data (control cases) to measure the contribution of different factors to accidents, in the same way as the Hurt Report. Four of the five countries where data was collected allow lane splitting, while one does not, yet none of the conclusions contained in the MAIDS Final Report note any difference in rear-end accidents or accidents during lane splitting. It is notable that the pre-crash motion of the motorcycle or scooter was lane-splitting in only 0.4% of cases, in contrast to the more common accident situations such as "Moving in a straight line, constant speed" 49.1% and "Negotiating a bend, constant speed" 12.1%. The motorcyclist was stopped in traffic prior to 2.8% of the accidents.[4]

Preliminary results from a study in the United Kingdom, conducted by the University of Nottingham for the Department for Transport, show that filtering is responsible for around 5% of motorcycle Killed or Seriously Injured (KSI) accidents.[25] It also found that in these KSI cases the motorist is twice as likely to be at fault as the motorcyclist due to motorists "failing to take into account possible motorcycle riding strategies in heavy traffic".[25]

A very different form of research, where the capacity benefits are examined as well, 1500 powered two-wheelers were video tracked to calibrate an agent based model of movement between and along lanes, also included a Bayesian model calibrated to determine the choices made to move between lanes.[26] This model provides a basis for measuring the risk levels of such choices, and late applications allowed the determination of the capacity gains (in terms of passenger car equivalent) from such movement once filtered to the front of the queue[27] and in continuing non-intersection movements along stretches of road[28]

Debate over safety and benefits

Proponents state that the practice relieves congestion by removing commuters from cars and gets them to use the unused roadway space between the cars,[2][19][29][30] and that lane splitting also improves fuel efficiency and motorcyclists' comfort in extreme weather.[31] In the US, transportation engineers have suggested that motorcycles are too few, and will remain too few, to justify any special accommodation or legislative consideration, such as lane splitting. Unless it becomes likely that a very large number of Americans will switch to motorcycles, they will offer no measurable congestion relief, even with lane splitting. Rather, laws and infrastructure should merely incorporate motorcycles into normal traffic with minimal disruption and risk to riders.[32]

Potentially, lane splitting can lead to road rage on the part of drivers, who feel frustrated that the motorcyclists are able to filter through the traffic jam.[19][30][33] However, the Hurt Report indicates that, "Deliberate hostile action by a motorist against a motorcycle rider is a rare accident cause." Lane splitting is not recommended for beginning motorcyclists, and riders who do not practice it in their home area are strongly cautioned that it can be risky if they attempt it when traveling to a jurisdiction where it is allowed.[34][35][36][37] Similarly, for drivers new to places where it is done, it can be startling and scary.[38][39]

Responsibility and liability issues

Another consideration is that lane splitting in the United States, even where legal, can possibly leave the rider legally responsible. 'Safely' is always very much a judgment call. The mere fact that an accident happened while a rider was lane splitting is very strong evidence that on that occasion it wasn't safe to do so...If you've been involved in an accident you will have a hard job convincing an insurance adjuster that the accident was not completely your fault."[19][40][41]

When the 2005 bill to legalize lane splitting in Washington State was defeated, a Washington State Patrol spokesman testified in opposition, saying that, "it would be difficult to set and enforce standards for appropriate speeds and conditions for lane splitting." He also said that officials with the California Highway Patrol told him that they wished they had never begun allowing the practice. The California Highway Patrol removed their guidelines on such practice.[42] Similar guidelines were posted by the California Department of Motor Vehicles, but those guidelines were also subsequently removed.[43]

Safety aspects
Two motorcycle riders lane splitting in California
A CalTrans sign on Route 91 eastbound in Anaheim, cautioning drivers to be on the lookout for bikers that may be in their blind spots

California's DMV handbook for motorcycles advises caution regarding lane splitting: "Vehicles and motorcycles each need a full lane to operate safely and riding between rows of stopped or moving vehicles in the same lane can leave you vulnerable. A vehicle could turn suddenly or change lanes, a door could open, or a hand could come out the window."[44] The Oxford Systematics report commissioned by VicRoads, the traffic regulating authority in Victoria, Australia, found that for motorcycles filtering through stationary traffic "[n]o examples have yet been located where such filtering has been the cause of an incident."[45]

In the United Kingdom, Motorcycle Roadcraft, the police riding manual, is explicit about the advantages of filtering but also states that the "...advantages of filtering along or between stopped or slow moving traffic have to be weighed against the disadvantages of increased vulnerability while filtering".[46]

After discussing the pros and cons at great length, motorcycle safety guru David L. Hough ultimately argues that a rider, given the choice to legally lane split, is probably safer doing so, than to remain stationary in a traffic jam. However, Hough has not gone on record as favoring changing the law in jurisdictions where it is not permitted, in contrast to his public education and legislative efforts in favor of rider training courses and helmet use. A literature review of lane-sharing by the Oregon Department of Transportation notes "a potential safety benefit is increased visibility for the motorcyclist. Splitting lanes allows the motorcyclist to see what the traffic is doing ahead and be able to proactively maneuver." However, the review was limited and "Benefits were often cited in motorcyclist advocacy publications and enthusiast articles."[7]

Australian lane filtering law map (2015) showing variations in laws. Legal: green with starting dates.
US lane splitting law map (April 2014) showing variations in laws. Legal: green. Legal (lane-filtering only): blue. Illegal: black and red (legalizing bills filed). No law: orange and yellow (legalizing bills filed).

Lane splitting is controversial in the United States,[34][47][38][19] and is sometimes an issue in other countries. This debate includes whether or not it is legal, whether or not it should be legal, and whether or not riders should lane split even where it is permitted.

A frequently asked question by motorcyclists is "Is lane splitting legal?"[48] In Australia, a furor erupted when the transport authorities decided to consolidate and clarify the disparate set of laws that collectively made lane splitting illegal. Because of the very opacity of the laws they were attempting to clarify, many Australians had actually believed that lane splitting was legal, and they had been practicing it as long as they had been riding. They interpreted the action as a move to change the law to make lane splitting illegal. Because of the volume of public comment opposed to this, the authorities decided to take no further action and so the situation remained as it was[49][50][51][52] until 1 July 2014 when New South Wales made lane filtering and lane splitting legal under strict conditions.[53] On 1 February 2015, similar relaxations were introduced in Queensland.[54]

The legal confusion in Australia is not exceptional. In a 2012 California survey 53% of non-motorcycle drivers thought lane splitting is legal.[55] There are other U.S. states in which there is no traffic law that explicitly prohibits lane splitting,[33][36][40][56] but officials rely on other laws to regularly interpret lane splitting as unlawful.[40] For example, New Mexico does not address lane splitting by name, but has language requiring turn signals be used continuously for at least 100 ft (30 m) before changing lanes,[57] as well as other codes which may be cited by an officer.[58][59] Many other states have identical codes, derived from the Uniform Vehicle Code.[60]

Lane splitting was legally defined for the first time in California by a bill signed into law in August, 2016. The new law established a definition of lane splitting, while making no mention of whether, or under what circumstances, it is allowed, or not allowed. It also permits, but does not require, the California Highway Patrol, in consultation with government and interest groups, to establish educational guidelines about lane splitting, essentially giving the CHP permission to bring back the FAQ and advice on lane splitting they published, then rescinded after one person complained, in 2009.[61] Sport Rider magazine predicted that "issues are almost certain" due to the law's ambiguity as to what is and is not legal.[62] Cycle World said that while it, "is a step in the right direction, the AB 51 Bill doesn't actually do much to clear anything up."[63]

Utah legalized lane filtering in 2019[64] and went into effect on May 14, 2019.[65]

gollark: I do it basically so potatOS can run the Polychoron coroutine manager instead of `parallel`.
gollark: It's called a top level coroutine override.
gollark: Small ones.
gollark: Or Anavrins, briefly.
gollark: Basically, that allows PotatOS to check that the code on the disk was written by someone with access to the master private key (i.e. me).]

See also

Notes
  1. NHSTA Glossary 2002.
  2. NHSTA Motorcycle Factors 2002.
  3. Hough 2000, p. 253.
  4. MAIDS (Motorcycle Accidents In Depth Study) Final Report 1.2 (PDF), ACEM, the European Association of Motorcycle Manufacturers, September 2004, p. 49, archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-23, retrieved 2009-05-11
  5. "Even in congested areas there is nearly always sufficient roadway width available for cyclists to lane share with stopped motorists, so cyclists filter forward through traffic jams." John Forester, Bicycle Transportation, second edition, p. 73
  6. "In some states, it is legal for a motorcycle to ride between lanes of traffic. This is known as splitting lanes. Doing this when traffic is moving at normal speed is, of course, insane." Darwin Homstrom, The Complete Idiot's Guide to Motorcycles, p. 179
  7. Sperley & Pietz 2010.
  8. A European Agenda for Motorcycle Safety (PDF), Federation of European Motorcyclists Associations, April 2009, retrieved 2014-05-10
  9. Tiwari 2007.
  10. Cervero, Robert (2000), Informal transport in the developing world, UN-HABITAT, p. 90, ISBN 978-92-1-131453-3
  11. Iles, Richard (2005), Public transport in developing countries, Emerald Group Publishing, p. 50, ISBN 978-0-08-044558-8
  12. United Nations. Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations (2005), Road Safety, United Nations Publications, p. 62, ISBN 978-92-1-120428-5
  13. Vanderbilt 2008, p. 217.
  14. Tiwari, Geetam (1999), "Towards A Sustainable Urban Transport System: Planning For Non-Motorized Vehicles in Cities" (PDF), Transport and Communications Bulletin for Asia and the Pacific, Transportation Research and Injury Prevention Programme Indian Institute of Technology (68), pp. 49–66
  15. Downs 2004.
  16. Forester, John (1993), Effective Cycling (6th f ed.), MIT Press, pp. 198, 313, 393, ISBN 978-0-262-56070-2
  17. "Riding between rows of stopped or moving cars in the same lane can leave you vulnerable. A car could turn suddenly or change lanes, a door could open, or a hand could come out of a window." The California Motorcycle Handbook
  18. "It's often safer to take the whole lane, or at least ride a little bit to the left, rather than hug the right curb. Here's why: Cars at intersections ahead of you can see you better if you're squarely in the road rather than on the extreme edge where you're easily overlooked. ..." Michael Bluejay, bicyclesafe.com
  19. Squatriglia 2000.
  20. "Motorcycle Statistics: Harry Hurt Interview". www.soundrider.com. Retrieved 2019-06-29.
  21. "Is sharing lanes more or less dangerous than sitting in traffic?", WhyBike?, February 27, 2007, archived from the original on June 20, 2008, retrieved September 1, 2007
  22. "FARS Encyclopedia".
  23. Yange 2015.
  24. Rice 2015.
  25. Clarke et al. 2004.
  26. Lee, Tzu-Chang; Polak, John W.; Bell, Michael G.H.; Wigan, Marcus R. (2012). "The kinematic features of motorcycles in congested urban networks". Accident Analysis & Prevention. 49: 203–211. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2011.04.002. PMID 23036397.
  27. Tzu-Chang, L., et al. (2010). "The Passenger Car Unit values of motorcycles at the beginning of a green period and in a saturation flow." 12th World Conference on Transport Research (WCTR), Lisbon, Portugal.
  28. Tzu-Chang, L., et al. (2010). "The PCU Values of Motorcycles in congested flow." Transportation Research Board 89th Annual General Meeting, Washington DC, TRB
  29. Hough 2000, p. 213.
  30. Kim 2006.
  31. Safety, New York Motorcycle & Scooter Task Force, retrieved October 17, 2013
  32. Grava 2003, pp. 123–124.
  33. Grava 2003, p. 118.
  34. Hough 2000, p. 212.
  35. Parks 2003.
  36. Preston 2004, p. 95.
  37. Holmstrom 2001, p. 179.
  38. Phillips 2007.
  39. Vanderbilt 2009.
  40. Matthews 2015, pp. 41–42.
  41. CHP-Frequently Asked Questions of the Highway Patrol, February 2009, archived from the original on April 11, 2009, retrieved February 14, 2009
  42. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-01-20. Retrieved 2013-02-12.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  43. DMV, California. "Lane splitting general guidelines". dmv.ca.gov. CA DMV. Retrieved 2018-12-14.
  44. http://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/wcm/connect/af13374c-aa57-4f2b-9ac9-aa3fdc419cc9/dl665.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CONVERT_TO=url&CACHEID=af13374c-aa57-4f2b-9ac9-aa3fdc419cc9
  45. Oxford Systematics (July 2000), Motorcycle Transport – Powered Two Wheelers in Victoria (PDF), VicRoads & Victorian Motorcycle Advisory Council, archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-18, retrieved 2007-04-07
  46. Coyne, Mayblin & Mares 1996.
  47. Balish 2006.
  48. Frequently Asked Questions of the Highway Patrol, 2009 State of California, 2009, archived from the original on 2009-04-11
  49. Australian Road Rules General Amendments and Regulatory Impact Statement 2005, NTC National Transport Commission Australia, November 2005, archived from the original on 2009-08-03, retrieved 2009-05-11
  50. Australian Road Rules Amendment Package 2005 Draft Regulatory Impact Statement (PDF), NTC National Transport Commission Australia, November 2005, archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-06-29, retrieved 2009-05-11
  51. "Bikers angry over lane-splitting ban plan". The Age. Melbourne. January 11, 2006.
  52. Road Rules ~ Lane Splitting, Biker Aware, 2006, archived from the original on January 18, 2013, retrieved March 8, 2009
  53. Lane Filtering, RMS, 2015-07-13
  54. "Changes to road rules for motorcycle riders", Department of Transport and Main Roads, 1 February 2015
  55. The Safety Transportation Research and Education Center ‐ University of California, Berkeley (May 3, 2012). "Press Release" (PDF). 2012 Motorcycle 'Lane Splitting' Intercept Survey. California Office of Traffic Safety. Retrieved August 26, 2012. The OTS survey showed that only 53 percent of vehicle drivers thought that lane splitting is legal in California.
  56. American Motorcyclist State Motorcycle Laws. Archived from the original Archived 2012-03-02 at the Wayback Machine on March 16, 2011.
  57. 66-7-325. Turning movements and required signals., Justia.com US Laws
  58. Hough, p. 214–215.
  59. Besides violating 66-7-325 Turning Movements and required signals prohibit Lane Splitting, a motorcyclist lane splitting in New Mexico could be cited for 66-7-317 "Driving on roadways laned for traffic" and 66-7-322 "Required position and method of turning at intersections"
  60. "Search Results for All US State Codes". Archived from the original on 2009-08-04. Retrieved May 23, 2009.
  61. "Lane splitting". California Highway Patrol. Retrieved August 31, 2016. A petitioner complained to the California Office of Administrative Law (OAL) that there was no formal rulemaking process for the guidelines, and raised other objections. The CHP discussed the issue with OAL and chose not to issue, use, or enforce the guidelines and thus, removed them from the website.
  62. "The California Lane-Splitting Bill, AB 51, Has Passed the Senate", Sport Rider, August 4, 2016, retrieved October 21, 2016
  63. MacDonald, Sean (August 4, 2016), "California's Lane-Splitting Bill Passes State Senate Vote; AB 51 is one step closer to becoming law", Cycle World, retrieved October 21, 2016
  64. Hughes, Justin. "Utah Joins Civilized World, Legalizes Lane Splitting". RideApart.com. Retrieved 2019-03-25.
  65. "Utah's New Lane Filtering Law". Utah Department of Public Safety. Retrieved 2019-03-29.

References

Further reading

All available from the United Kingdom Department of Transport websites (executive summary), and the Transportation Research Board Record publication:

  • WSP Policy and Research UK, Motorcycles and congestion: the effect of modal shift: Phase 3 policy testing. 2004, WSP for Uk Department for Transport: Cambridge UK. p. 44.
  • WSP Policy and Research UK, Motorcycles and congestion: the effect of modal shift: Phase 2 – Modelling Methodology. 2004, WSP for Uk Department for Transport: Cambridge UK. p. 47.
  • WSP Policy and Research UK, et al., Motorcycles and congestion: the effect of modal shift: Summary Final Report. 2004, WSP for Uk Department for Transport: Cambridge UK. p. 26.
  • Burge, P., et al., The modelling of motorcycle ownership and usage: a UK study. Transportation Research Record J Transportation Research Board, 2007(2031): p. 59-68.
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