LGBT rights in Eritrea

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons in Eritrea face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT citizens. Homosexual acts are illegal in Eritrea, punishable by up to 3 years in prison. LGBT persons are regularly prosecuted by the government and additionally face stigmatization among the broader population.

LGBT rights in Eritrea
StatusIllegal[1]
Penalty10 days to 3 years imprisonment[2] or death[2] Beatings and torture are also tolerated.[3]
Gender identityNo
MilitaryNo
Discrimination protectionsNo
Family rights
Recognition of relationshipsNo recognition of same-sex unions
AdoptionNo

Law regarding same-sex sexual activity

Both male and female same-sex sexual activity is illegal in Eritrea. Same-sex sexual activity is prohibited in Section II (Sexual Deviations) of the penal code of 1957, inherited from Ethiopia after independence and itself a British colonial legacy.[1][4] Under Article 600 "unnatural carnal offences" can be punished for with imprisonment for between 10 days and 3 years in prison. In practice, little is known about the use of this law, since the state-controlled Eritrean press does not report on the prosecution of homosexuality at all.[4] The British Embassy in Asmara reported that people found to participate in homosexual activity are regularly prosecuted and found guilty.[4][5] The government routinely detains individuals for consensual homosexual activity and has allegedly periodically engaged in roundups of known or suspected lesbians and gays in the country.[6][7] In many cases, no charges are laid and the families of accused homosexuals are denied information on their condition or where they are being held.[8] The Eritrean judicial system is opaque and often arbitrary in dealing with accusations of homosexual activity.[9] The abuse, torture, and beating of prisoners is commonplace,[10] and some have reported that prisoners are illegally executed.[2] Despite this, the United Kingdom Foreign and Commonwealth Office reported that the death penalty was not used in Eritrea in 2013.[9] In 2003, six gay men were arrested in a public bathroom in Asmara and subsequently transferred to the Adi Abeyto prison facility, known for its housing of political prisoners and journalists.[8] Even those with only tenuous links to the gay and lesbian community within Eritrea are at risk of suspicion of same-sex conduct and consequently arrest and imprisonment.[2]

The Government of Eritrea has rejected an appeal by the United Nations Human Rights Council's Universal Periodic Review process to legalize same-sex sexual activity. This was deemed to be "in direct contradiction with the values and traditions of the Eritrean people".[7]

Recognition of same-sex relationships

Same-sex couples have no legal recognition.

Adoption and family planning

Same-sex couples cannot adopt in Eritrea.[11]

Discrimination protections

There is no protection against discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity.

Living conditions

The UN High Commissioner for Refugees stated that "strong societal taboos" existed against homosexual conduct within Eritrea.[12] Similarly, the U.S. Department of State reported that gays and lesbians faced "severe societal discrimination".[10] In general, these issues are not discussed openly in the country and homosexuality is not considered a public issue.[4] There is limited public awareness of the existence of sexual and gender minorities except among the law enforcement agencies charged with combatting homosexuality.[4] No LGBT groups or organizations are known to exist within the country.[10] Society discrimination is exacerbated by the illegality of homosexuality, leading to increased incidence of abuse and harassment of gays and lesbians.[13] Freedom House similarly found that criminalization of homosexual activity had resulted in both societal and legal discrimination.[14] The Government of Eritrea has numerous times asserted that homosexuality is contrary to traditional values and norms within the country.[4] Additionally, in the early 2000s it aired a number of radio and television programs on state-run stations detailing the alleged dangers of homosexuality.[8]

Gays and lesbians serving in the Eritrean military are reported to have been "subjected to severe abuse", though such reports have remained unconfirmed.[10] A 2002 refugee claimant in the United Kingdom reported that he and his partner, both in the armed forces, suffered physical and verbal abuse, including threats, from both superiors and fellow soldiers.[15]

Societal discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS is an "area of concern" in the State Department report on human rights in Eritrea.[10] ILGA and some HIV/AIDS prevention groups have condemned the criminalization of homosexual activity by Article 600, arguing that it undermines public health goals by making prevention programs directed at men who have sex with men extremely difficult.[13]

The government of Eritrea has repeatedly charged foreign, Western countries of promoting homosexuality within the country in order to destabilize the regime.[10] Opponents or suspected opponents of the regime were labeled as "gay, traitors, rapists, pedophiles, and traffickers" in attempts to suppress and delegitimize criticism of the government.[6]

In 2010, along with a number of other African states, Eritrea rejected the Yogyakarta Principles, which attempt to apply developed human rights standards to issues of sexual orientation and sexual identity. These standards were deemed by the African group to be too controversial and were accused of inventing new human rights without a basis in international laws.[16]

LGBT Foreigners

In 2013, Paolo Mannina, a gay Italian citizen, was dismissed from his job as a literature professor at a technical school in Asmara and deported from Eritrea.[17] Mannina agreed to leave, reportedly fearing for his safety.[18] No official explanation was given for his removal from the country, but the government of Eritrea stated that Mannina was a "dangerous individual who is potentially destabilizing to the moral order and public of the country".[17][18] Under subsequent questioning from Italian officials, the Eritrean government clarified that, despite the lack of mention of sexual orientation in the contracts of Italian schools operating in the country,[18] the expulsion was justified based on Article 7 of the Agreement on Italian Technical Schools in Eritrea.[19] The Agreement requires compliance with local laws, and the government argued that this included Article 600 of the Eritrean Penal Code. The Eritrean ambassador to Italy commented that "any foreigner present in Eritrea has the obligation to respect the local customs and traditions and, even more so, the provisions of law prohibiting homosexual relations".[18] Italian diplomatic officials condemned the action.[19]

In 2004, three hotel workers from Western countries were expelled from Eritrea for homosexual activity.[4] At least one of the deported workers was described as openly homosexual.[20]

Summary table
Same-sex sexual activity legal (Penalty: Up to 3 years imprisonment or death)[2] Beatings and torture are also tolerated.[3])
Equal age of consent
Anti-discrimination laws in employment only
Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services
Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas (incl. indirect discrimination, hate speech)
Same-sex marriage
Recognition of same-sex couples
Step-child adoption by same-sex couples
Joint adoption by same-sex couples
Gays and lesbians allowed to serve openly in the military
Right to change legal gender
Access to IVF for lesbians
Commercial surrogacy for gay male couples
MSMs allowed to donate blood
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See also

References
  1. Ottosson, Daniel (May 2008). "State-sponsored Homophobia: A world survey of laws prohibiting same sex activity between consenting adults" (PDF). International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA). p. 14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2009.
  2. Asokan, Ishan (16 November 2012). "A bludgeoned horn: Eritrea's abuses and "guilt by association" policy". Consultancy Africa Intelligence. Archived from the original on 16 June 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
  3. 2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154345.html
  4. "Eritrea questioned over anti-gay laws". International LGBT Asylum News. 2 April 2010. Retrieved 2 November 2013.
  5. "Eritrea: Legislation and legal protection available to homosexuals; their treatment by society and government authorities". Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. 28 February 2007. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
  6. "Eritrea: US State Department Report on Human Rights for 2011". Asmarino Independent. Retrieved 30 October 2013.
  7. "Country of Origin Information Report - Eritrea". IUnited Kingdom: Home Office. 17 August 2012. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
  8. "Eritrea: Asmara Military Police arrested 6 gay men in October 11/03". GlobalGayz.com. 5 November 2003. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
  9. "Eritrea". Human Rights and Democracy 2012: The Foreign and Commonwealth Office Report. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
  10. "2010 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Eritrea". U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. 8 April 2011. Retrieved 1 November 2013.
  11. "Adoption in Eritrea". adoption.com.
  12. Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | UNHCR Eligibility Guidelines for Assessing the International Protection Needs of Asylum-Seekers from Eritrea". Refworld.
  13. "UPR Statement on LGBTI health in Eritrea". ILGA and the Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network. 18 March 2010. Archived from the original on 5 May 2014. Retrieved 1 November 2013.
  14. "Freedom in the World 2013: Eritrea". Freedom House. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
  15. Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | YF (Homosexuality - Not Legal but No Real Risk) Eritrea v. Secretary of State for the Home Department". Refworld.
  16. "Majority of GA Third Committee unable to accept report on the human right to sexual education". International Service for Human Rights. Archived from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
  17. "Italian citizen kicked off Eritrea because of his homosexual orientation". Associazione Radicale Certi Diritti and ILGA Europe. 13 May 2013. Archived from the original on 17 April 2015. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
  18. Zapata, Jean Paul (13 May 2013). "Italian educator working in North Africa deported for being gay". Gay Star News. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
  19. "The Ministry of Foreign Affairs Responds to the Query Regarding the Case of Mannina, the Teacher Expelled From Eritrea Because He is Gay". Associazione Radicale Certi Diritti and ILGA Europe. 13 May 2013. Archived from the original on 29 August 2014. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
  20. "Eritrea expels three hotel employees for 'immorality'". Sudan Tribune. 9 October 2004. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
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