Kurnool

Kurnool is the judicial capital of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh.[5] It is often called as City of Royalty. It is also the 7th largest city of Andhra Pradesh.[6] It is mostly known for being the First capital of Andhra Pradesh, formerly known as Andhra State (1953 - 1956)[7][8] The city is often referred to as The Gateway of Rayalaseema.[9] It also serves as the district headquarters of its Kurnool district,[10][11] As of 2011 census, it is the seventh most populous city in the state with a population of 457,633.[3] It is located on the banks of the Tungabhadra river. Although the area has been inhabited for thousands of years, modern Kurnool was founded in the 16th century CE with the construction of the Konda Reddy Fort.

Kurnool

Kandanavōlu (Kandanōlu)
City
Konda Reddy Fort
Nickname(s): 
The Gateway of Rayalaseema, First Capital of Andhra Pradesh
Kurnool
Location in Andhra Pradesh and in India
Kurnool
Kurnool (India)
Coordinates: 15.83°N 78.05°E / 15.83; 78.05
Country India
StateAndhra Pradesh
RegionRayalaseema
DistrictKurnool
Government
 • TypeMunicipal corporation
Area
 • City69.51 km2 (26.84 sq mi)
Area rank107
Elevation
274 m (899 ft)
Population
 (2011)[2]
 • City457,633
 • Rank160th (India)
7th (Andhra Pradesh)
 • Density6,600/km2 (17,000/sq mi)
 • Metro484,327
Languages
 • OfficialTelugu
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
518001, 518002, 518003, 518004, 518005, 518006, 518007
Vehicle registrationAP-21 & AP-39[4]
WebsiteKurnool Municipal Corporation

Etymology

The original name of Kurnool is found in historical records as Kandanavōlu or Kandanōlu.[12] It used to be a crossing on the Tungabhadra River, where the bullock cart caravans are believed to have greased their wheels ("kandana" being a reference to grease).[13]

History

Palaeolithic era

The Ketavaram[14] rock paintings from the Paleolithic era and are (18 kilometres from Kurnool). Also the Jurreru Valley, Katavani Kunta[15] and Yaganti in Kurnool District have some important rock art and paintings in the vicinity, may be dated from 35,000 to 40,000 years ago.

Belum Caves are geologically and historically important caves in the district. There are indications that Jain and Buddhist monks were occupying these caves centuries ago. Many Buddhists relics were found inside the caves. These relics are now housed in Museum at Ananthapur. Archaeological survey of India (ASI) found remnants of vessels and other artifacts of pre-Buddhist era and has dated the remnants of vessels found in the caves to 4500 BC.[16]

Vijayanagara era

Little was known about Kurnool town before the 11th century. The earliest knowledge of this settlement dates from the 11th century. It has developed as transit place on the southern banks of the river Tungabhadra.

Ruled by the Cholas in 12th Century and later taken over by the Kakatiya dynasty in 13th century. Kurnool developed into a transit point on the southern banks of the Tungabhadra River. It eventually fell under the rule of a jaghirdar before becoming a part of the Vijayanagar dynasty. King Achyuta Raya, successor of Sri Krishnadeva Raya constructed the Kurnool Fort during the 16th century.

Mughals Rule

The Abyssinian, Abdul Wahab Khan, defeated King Gopal Raja of the Vijayanagar Kingdom in the 17th century and went on to rule the land for 16 years until his death.

In 1686, Kurnool fell under the influence of the Mughals who were ruled by Emperor Aurangzeb. Later on in Kurnool's history, it was ruled by the Nawabs until the British Government took over in 1839.[17]

Post independence

Kurnool was the capital of erstwhile Andhra State between from 1 October 1953 and 31 October 1956 until the state was merged with Telangana to form Andhra Pradesh with Hyderabad as the state's capital.[18][19]

Geography

Kurnool is located at 15.8333°N 78.05°E / 15.8333; 78.05.[20] It has an average elevation of 273 metres (898 feet). Kurnool lies on the banks of the Tungabhadra River. The Hundri and Neeva rivers also flow through the city. The K.C.Canal (Kurnool–Cuddapah) was built by the Dutch for transportation, but later used for irrigation.

Cityscape
Front View of Kondareddy Buruju.

Landmarks in and around the city include Konda Reddy Fort Formerly called Kondareddy Burj is the Historical Monuement and Major Tourist Attraction of Kurnool located at the north east part of the city.[21] Orvakal rock Garderns is the Sculpture Garden with Ancient cave lies on the South East of the city.[22] Rollapadu Wildlife Sanctuary is a noted wildlife and bird sanctuary that lies in the vicinity of Kurnool, about 45 km away. It attracts lot of visitors from neighbouring states of Telangana, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.[23] Gumbad is one the oldest historical monuments located on the banks of Hundri River.

Climate

The climate is tropical with temperatures ranging from 26 °C (78.8 °F) to 46 °C (114.8 °F) in the summer and 12 °C (53.6 °F) to 31 °C (87.8 °F) in the winter. The average annual rainfall is about 705 millimetres (28 in).

Climate data for Kurnool (1981–2010, extremes 1901–2012)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 37.3
(99.1)		 39.9
(103.8)		 43.3
(109.9)		 44.8
(112.6)		 45.6
(114.1)		 45.6
(114.1)		 38.5
(101.3)		 37.8
(100.0)		 38.7
(101.7)		 38.4
(101.1)		 38.8
(101.8)		 35.4
(95.7)		 45.6
(114.1)
Average high °C (°F) 31.7
(89.1)		 34.8
(94.6)		 38.2
(100.8)		 40.1
(104.2)		 40.5
(104.9)		 36.2
(97.2)		 33.6
(92.5)		 32.5
(90.5)		 32.9
(91.2)		 32.5
(90.5)		 31.2
(88.2)		 30.5
(86.9)		 34.6
(94.3)
Average low °C (°F) 17.9
(64.2)		 20.3
(68.5)		 23.8
(74.8)		 26.7
(80.1)		 27.5
(81.5)		 25.5
(77.9)		 24.5
(76.1)		 23.9
(75.0)		 23.8
(74.8)		 22.8
(73.0)		 20.1
(68.2)		 17.8
(64.0)		 22.9
(73.2)
Record low °C (°F) 8.3
(46.9)		 11.1
(52.0)		 12.8
(55.0)		 15.5
(59.9)		 19.4
(66.9)		 17.6
(63.7)		 19.2
(66.6)		 19.9
(67.8)		 17.0
(62.6)		 13.0
(55.4)		 9.3
(48.7)		 6.7
(44.1)		 6.7
(44.1)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 4.0
(0.16)		 2.2
(0.09)		 9.8
(0.39)		 26.4
(1.04)		 50.4
(1.98)		 93.6
(3.69)		 121.4
(4.78)		 143.4
(5.65)		 145.0
(5.71)		 114.1
(4.49)		 23.0
(0.91)		 3.9
(0.15)		 737.2
(29.02)
Average rainy days 0.3 0.2 0.7 1.6 2.7 5.7 7.6 9.0 7.7 5.2 1.9 0.3 43.0
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) 35 26 23 25 28 45 54 57 57 56 51 44 42
Source: India Meteorological Department[24][25]

Demographics

As per final data of 2011 census, Kurnool urban agglomeration had a population of 484,327, making it the fifth largest city in the state of Andhra Pradesh.[26] The literacy rate of Kurnool was 77.37 per cent at the time of the 2011 census.

Literacy in Kurnool[26]
All
 
 77.37%
Male
 
 83.01%
Female
 
 71.24%

Religion
Others include Sikhs & Parsis
Religion in Kurnool[27]
Religion Percent
Hinduism
 
 67.19%
Islam
 
 29.21%
Christianity
 
 2.49%
Others
 
 1.11%

As per final data of 2011 census, Hindus formed the majority in the Kurnool urban agglomeration. Other religious groups found in Kurnool are Muslims, Christians, Sikhs and Parsees.

Education

The primary and secondary school education is imparted by Government, aided and private schools of the School Education Department of the state.[28][29] Pre-schools by Anganwadi Centers of ICDS Dept.

Rayalaseema University & Dr. Abdul Haq Urdu University are the two university's run by state government. Indian Institute of Information Technology Design and Manufacturing, Kurnool is an autonomous institution run by MHRD govt of India

The city has some of the famous institutions for both engineering and medical degrees like Kurnool Medical College (KMC),etc.

Transport

Roads

Kurnool is connected by National Highway 44 (India) to Bangalore and Hyderabad. State Highway 51 connects to Srisailam, Vinukonda, Guntur, Vijayawada and National Highway 40, which runs from Kurnool to Chittoor, are the major highways passing through the city. The city has a total road length of 519.22 km[30] State owned bus transport system, APSRTC, operates buses from Kurnool bus station to other parts of the state.[31][32]

Railways

Kurnool City railway station lies on the Bengaluru – Hyderabad railway line. It is classified as an A–category station in the Hyderabad railway division of South Central Railway zone. Another railway station name Kotla lies in the middle of the city.

Airport

The Ministry of Civil Aviation & Andhra Pradesh Airport Development Corporation Limited has developed Green Field Kurnool Airport, near Orvakal, 25 km from Kurnool City. The airport was opened on 8 January 2019. The airport is built on 1,110 acres of land at a cost of Rs. 234 crores and is projected to be a commercial enclave by May 2019.

Economy

Kurnool is endowed with good mineral resources. The important minerals are Iron ore, dolomite, limestone, ochre, quartz and silica.[33]

Notable people
gollark: You can use microG, an alternative FOSS implementation of some Google Play Services features, on some ROMs, *but* it can't do anything about SafetyNet because they have some cryptographic thing and do verification on the serverside somehow.
gollark: Google wasn't first to do search. Microsoft wasn't the first to... have an OS?
gollark: Not really.
gollark: If you *remove* those they can't do anything but also a bunch of apps probably break.
gollark: and/or still have them.

See also

References
  1. "Kurnool Municipal Corporation |". kurnool.cdma.ap.gov.in.
  2. "Andhra Pradesh (India): Districts, Cities, Towns and Outgrowth Wards – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts". citypopulation.de.
  3. "Andhra Pradesh (India): State, Major Agglomerations & Cities – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts". citypopulation.de.
  4. "Registration | District Codes | TRANSPORT DEPARTMENT GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH - INDIA". aptransport.org.
  5. De, Chirananda (7 December 2018), "Environmental Zonation", Springer Geology, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 191–201, ISBN 978-3-319-99231-0, retrieved 31 July 2020
  6. "Andhra Pradesh (India): Districts, Cities and Towns - Population Statistics, Charts and Map". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  7. "Andhra Pradesh - History". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  8. "First Capital of AP".
  9. Sarkar, Siddhartha (2011). International Journal of Economic and Political Integration: Vol.1, No.1. Universal-Publishers. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-61233-544-5. Retrieved 18 July 2015.
  10. "District Census Handbook : Kurnool" (PDF). Census of India. p. 50. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
  11. Reporter, Staff (20 January 2020). "Andhra Pradesh Cabinet clears decentralised capital across Amaravati, Visakhapatnam and Kurnool". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  12. Iswara Dutt, K. (1937), "Kamma commanders of the Vijayangara armies", Journal of the Andhra Historical Society, Andhra Historical Research Society, pp. 222–224
  13. "Heritage in Kurnool". AP Tourism Department. Archived from the original on 13 July 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
  14. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 15 June 2014.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  15. Petraglia, Michael. "New rock art discoveries in the Kurnool District, Andhra Pradesh, India". academia.edu. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
  16. Show Caves of India: Belum Caves
  17. Cahoon, Ben. "Indian Princely States K-Z".
  18. "The Indian Express – Google News Archive Search". google.com.
  19. Somasekhar, Ch RS Sarma / M. "Capital loss: Madras, Kurnool, now Hyderabad". The Hindu Business Line. Retrieved 11 April 2016.
  20. "Maps, Weather, and Airports for Kurnool, India". fallingrain.com.
  21. "Gopal Darwaza stands as a witness to history". The Hindu. Kurnool. 22 April 2014. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
  22. Kurmanath, K.V (22 June 2006). "A rocky, solid gift from nature". The Hindu Business Line. Orvakal (Kurnool district). Retrieved 28 February 2016.
  23. "Rollapadu Wildlife Sanctuary", Wikipedia, 3 March 2019, retrieved 7 March 2019
  24. "Station: Kurnool Climatological Table 1981–2010" (PDF). Climatological Normals 1981–2010. India Meteorological Department. January 2015. pp. 443–444. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  25. "Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. December 2016. p. M12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  26. "Kurnool City Population Census 2011-2019 | Andhra Pradesh". www.census2011.co.in.
  27. "Census of India – Socio-cultural aspects". Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs. Archived from the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
  28. "School Education Department" (PDF). School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  29. "The Department of School Education – Official AP State Government Portal | AP State Portal". www.ap.gov.in. Archived from the original on 7 November 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  30. "DETAILS OF ROADS IN EACH ULB OF ANDHRA PRADESH". Archived from the original on 1 August 2016.
  31. "Bus Stations in Districts". Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation. Archived from the original on 22 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
  32. Krishnamoorthy, Suresh (22 April 2015). "Several bus stations lack CCTV surveillance". The Hindu. Hyderabad. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
  33. http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/Kurnool%20dip%20%20amended%20march.pdf
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