Kosmos 936
Kosmos 936 or Bion 4[3] (Бион 4, Космос 936) was a Bion satellite. The mission involved nine countries in a series of biomedical research experiments. The experiments were primarily follow-ups to the Bion 3 (Kosmos 782) flight. Scientists from the Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, France, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Soviet Union and the United States conducted experiments in physics and biology on the mission.
| Mission type | Bioscience |
|---|---|
| Operator | Institute of Biomedical Problems |
| COSPAR ID | 1977-074A[1] |
| SATCAT no. | 10172 |
| Mission duration | 19.5 days |
| Spacecraft properties | |
| Spacecraft type | Bion |
| Manufacturer | TsSKB Progress |
| Launch mass | 4,000 kg (8,800 lb) |
| Start of mission | |
| Launch date | 3 August 1977, 14:01:00 UTC |
| Rocket | Soyuz 11A511U |
| Launch site | Plesetsk 43/3 |
| End of mission | |
| Landing date | 22 August 1977, 01:05 UTC |
| Landing site | 51°53′N 61°30′E near Kustanay, Kazakhstan, Soviet Union[2] |
| Orbital parameters | |
| Reference system | Geocentric |
| Regime | Low Earth |
| Eccentricity | 0.01455 |
| Perigee altitude | 224 kilometres (139 mi) |
| Apogee altitude | 419 kilometres (260 mi) |
| Inclination | 62.8° |
| Period | 90.7 minutes |
| Epoch | 3 August 1977 |
Launch and mission
Kosmos 936 was launched on August 3, 1977, by a Soyuz rocket from Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Soviet Union. The mission ended after 19.5 days.
The mission was to conduct various biological studies, continuing the Bion 3 mission experiments. He had two centrifuges on board to put some specimens in an artificial gravity environment. An attempt was made to differentiate, using rats, between the effects caused by space flight itself from those caused by stress. The effects of flight on muscle and bone, on red cell survival, and on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism were also studied, and an experiment with rats on the effects of space radiation on the retina was conducted.
One of the instruments (without a biological part) studied the physical parameters of the components of space radiation. Fruit flies were used in genetic and aging studies. A group of rats of the Rattus norvegicus species were sent, with an average weight of 215 grams (7.6 ounces) at launch and 62 days of age. Twenty of the rats experienced microgravity and the other ten were subjected to the artificial gravity of the centrifuge.
See also
Bibliography
- Kozlov, D I (1996). Mashnostroenie, ed. Konstruirovanie avtomaticheskikh kosmicheskikh apparatov. Moscow. ISBN.
- Melnik, T G (1997). Nauka, ed. Voenno-Kosmicheskiy Sili. Moscow. ISBN.
- "Bion' nuzhen lyudyam". Novosti Kosmonavtiki (6): 35. 1996.
References
- "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. 16 August 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
- Archived 2002-08-20 at the Wayback Machine. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
- "Cosmos 936". NASA Ames Research Center. 3 August 1977. Archived from the original on 15 February 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2014.