Kemayoran

Kemayoran is a district of Central Jakarta, Jakarta in Indonesia. The area was best known as the location of the former Kemayoran Airport, although the area of the former airport itself is actually located in two district, the northern part lies on the district of Pademangan, North Jakarta while the southern part lies on the district of Kemayoran, Central Jakarta. Jakarta International Expo is built on 44 hectares of land of former airport, where Jakarta Fair is held annually. Kemayoran has been transforming as a new CBD area of Jakarta.[1]

Kemayoran
District
CountryIndonesia
ProvinceSpecial Capital City District of Jakarta
CityCentral Jakarta
Postal code
107XX

Kemayoran is the location of annual Jakarta Fair. Kemayoran is located at the northern end of Central Jakarta, bordering Tanjung Priok district (North Jakarta) to the north, Sawah Besar district to the west, Kelapa Gading district to the east, and Cempaka Putih and Johar Baru district to the south. Kemayoran is roughly bounded by Landas Pacu Barat and Landas Pacu Timur road to the north, Letjend Suprapto Road to the south, and a canal along the Sunter Raya road to the northeast.

Urban villages

The district of Kemayoran is divided into eight kelurahan (urban villages):

History
Isaac de l'Ostal de Saint-Martin attributed to Jan de Baen, the landlord of several areas in Java, including Kemayoran in what is now Jakarta.

Even though the area that was known as Batavia stretches from Tangerang to Bogor, physical development is still limited to the area near the city center around the Sunda Kelapa harbor area. Limitations of this development is partly due to the condition of Batavia being a walled city with fortifications because of many attacks from local Sultanates to seize Batavia, as well as because of the centralized system of the government. Only in 1810 that the city wall of Batavia was demolished, during the reign of Daendels. Meanwhile, rural areas and suburbs of Batavia are still largely 'untouched' with several native villages. These rural areas were later shared to several landlords, one of which is the area that is now known as Kemayoran.[2]

The area that was known as Kemayoran was formerly a land owned by the Dutch East India Company commander, Isaac de l'Ostal de Saint-Martin (ca. 1629–96). At the end of the 17th century, Isaac owned a large area in Java, which includes the area that is now Kemayoran, part of Ancol, Krukut at Tegalangus, and Cinere. Isaac held the title major, which is where the name Kemayoran come from. The name Mayoran first appears in Java Government Gazette on February 24, 1816, described as "a land close to Weltevreden". Later, the area was known as Kemayoran until now.[3]

Until the early 20th century, the Kemayoran area is still dominated by swamps and paddies with small settlements. Administratively, Kemayoran is a Weekmeester governed by a Bek ("Defender"). After the independence of Indonesia, Kemayoran became part of the Sawah Besar Kecamatan (district), Penjaringan, Jakarta Raya. From 1963 to 1968, Kemayoran was part of the Kecamatan of Senen, Jakarta Raya. Then since 1968 until now, Kemayoran became a Kecamatan of Central Jakarta municipality.[2]

At first, the inhabitants of Kemayoran are a native from a mixture of several ethnic group from the local kingdom of Pajajaran, Demak, Mataram, and several foreign nations who arrived as immigrants. After the Dutch occupied, there are immigrants from China, India, Sumatra, and East Indonesia that are used as workers for the expansion and development of Batavia or to participate in military service against Sultan Hasanuddin and Sultan Agung of Mataram.[2]

The construction of Kemayoran Airport in Kemayoran.
Kemayoran Airport in 1977.

Under the government of Daendels, in order to collect funds for the construction of the new Anyer-Panarukan road, some lands were sold to private owners. Generally, the buyers are Dutch, Chinese and Arabic origin. Among them is Roosendaal, H. Hussein Madani (Indo-Dutch), Abdullah, and De Groof. These landlords have the power to regulate land from users, who are indigenous population and serf. After slavery was abolished, these people became a farmer that works for the landlords, the landlords will determine the taxes to be paid.[2]

Until 1903, Batavia moved to a decentralized form of government, which marked the period of modern colonialism of Batavia. Many lands are repaired, canals are constructed, and the city is expanded. Lands are purchased for the expansion of the city, which included the settlements of Kemayoran, Petojo, Jatibaru, Cideng, Kramat, and Tanah Tinggi. These lands were allocated for lower-middle-class people. More affluent citizens such as the Dutch people and other higher class people live closer to the center, such as in the Menteng residential area.[2]

Many of the people who reside in Kemayoran were Indo people (mixed Dutch and Indonesian). Most of them lived in Jl. Garuda. Even after the Second World War, many former Dutch soldiers settled in Kemayoran. Around the 1930s, Kemayoran was known as a settlement of the Indo people, giving rise to a new nickname for Kemayoran, "Belanda Kemayoran" (roughly translated as Kemayoran Netherlands). After Indonesian independence, a wave of urban migrants arrived in Kemayoran and Jakarta from various regions in Indonesia such as West Java, Central Java, Sumatra, Kalimantan, East Nusa Tenggara, and West Nusa Tenggara. Kemayoran transformed into a more crowded settlements.[2]

In 1935, Kemayoran Airport was opened. This changed the economy of Kemayoran from agriculture to service, but also caused less urban development in Kemayoran (tall buildings are not allowed in Kemayoran). Although Kemayoran is located close to downtown Jakarta (around what is now known as Merdeka Square, Gambir district), there are no significant economic center in Kemayoran. In addition, the development of plan of Jakarta was more weighted toward the south of downtown Jakarta. Until the mid 1980s, the area of Kemayoran was still a sparsely distributed settlements with vacant lands. The way Kemayoran area was kept away from developments caused several indigenous culture to stay undisturbed in Kemayoran. Even now, the Betawi culture, the local culture of Jakarta, is often identified with the Kemayoran area.[2]

Kota Baru Bandar Kemayoran
Kemayoran neighboorhood in 1982, with Garuda Indonesia Fokker F-28 on final-approach to Kemayoran airport visible above the neighboorhood.

In 1986, Kemayoran airport was officially closed. In accordance with the 2015-2019 National Medium-Term Long-Term Development Plan (RPJMN), the Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing (PUPR) proposes Kemayoran, to be an area that has the opportunity to become a new city[4]. The area that was formerly an airport was gradually turned into other developments such as Jakarta International Expo and Kotabaru Bandar Kemayoran (both of these were actually located in Pademangan district in North Jakarta instead of Kemayoran district in Central Jakarta. Kemayoran Planning and Development Center (PPK) is responsible for development as well as monitoring of the area.

Kota Baru has an area of 454 hectares. At present there are several vertical residential designation blocks, office blocks, hospitals, shopping center blocks as well as five and four star hotels[5][6]. There is also an urban park of 22.3 hectares area which has lake, mangrove area, an amphitheater, viewing towers, jogging tracks, a hanging bridge.[7]

Government and infrastructure

Government agencies with head offices in Kemayoran include the National Search and Rescue Agency.[8]

Culture
See also: Betawi language
Jakarta International Expo Kemayoran main building is actually located in Sawah Besar district, but is associated with Kemayoran district due to its location in the former area of the historic Kemayoran city, and its close proximity with Kemayoran.

Many ingenious culture, especially the Betawi culture, flourished in Kemayoran. Among them is the kroncong music, a mixture of indigenous music and Portuguese fado music. Kroncong Tugu, a variation of kroncong that originally came from Tugu (about 12 km east of present Jakarta), is a variation that is closely associated with Kemayoran. Because of rapid development Kemayoran has transformed into a modern city itself. Consequently, cultural values such as the Betawi culture is threatened.[2]

Gambang music also developed in Kemayoran under the influence of China. The variation of gambang that developed in Kemayoran is often called Gambang Kemayoran and it is not referred to as Gambang Kromong because the kromong (a kind of percussion) is not used. Songs that are popular at the time including Onde-onde, Si Jongkong Kopyor, and Kapal Karem.

The Wayang Kulit of Kemayoran originates from Javanese influences. The main difference is that the language used is the Betawi language instead of Javanese language. During the colonial era, Wayang Kulit was usually performed at ceremonies such as wedding ceremony, circumcision ceremony, and New Year party.

One of the popular artist associated with Kemayoran theater is Benyamin Sueb.

Pencak silat, a martial art of the Betawi people, also flourished in Kemayoran. Styles of pencak silat developed in Kemayoran area are Beksi, Cingkrik, Si tembak, Sin lam ba, and Kolong meja. Until late 80's, it is a common routine for children to practice pencak silat after the Isha prayers.

During the 1990s, many of the traditional art and culture of Betawi characteristic of Kemayoran slowly disappeared.

Folklore

There are many folklore associated with Kemayoran area, usually involving the conflict between the indigenous people of Kemayoran and the Dutch kompeni (local term for Dutch East India Company who applied huge taxes to the local people. One of the popular hero from the legend is Murtado "Si Macan Kemayoran" ("the Kemayoran Tiger") who protected the Kemayoran village area against the Dutch East India Company henchmen and the local bully who oppressed the villagers.

Transportation

Kemayoran can be reached by bus, train, taxi, or Angkot.Kemayoran station of Jakarta metro rail is located in the area. The area is served by Transjakarta corridor 12.

List of important places
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References
  1. "Kota Baru Kemayoran, Bagaimana Perkembangannya?". Retrieved 22 August 2019.
  2. Fadli Arfan. Kemayoran Journal, first edition, March, 2009.
  3. "Tuan Tanah Kemayoran". seputarkemayoran. seputarkemayoran.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2010-02-26.
  4. "Sinyal Pengembangan Kota Baru Kemayoran Sudah Terlihat". Liputan 6. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
  5. "Ledakan Properti di Kemayoran Terjadi Lima Tahun Lagi!". Kompas. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
  6. "Menara Kemayoran Terancam Dihancurkan!". Kompas. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
  7. "'Instagrammable' Kemayoran Urban Park to open in November". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
  8. "Home Archived 2012-05-10 at WebCite." (Archive) National Search and Rescue Agency. Retrieved on 10 May 2012. "Jl. Angkasa Blok B.15 KAV 2-3 Kemayoran - Jakarta Pusat Jakarta - Indonesia 10720"
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