Edvard Kardelj

Edvard Kardelj (pronounced [ˈéːdʋaɾt kaɾˈdéːl]; 27 January 1910 – 10 February 1979), also known by the pseudonyms Bevc, Sperans and Krištof, was a Yugoslav politician and economist. He was one of the leading members of the Communist Party of Slovenia before World War II. During the war, Kardelj was one of the leaders of the Liberation Front of the Slovenian People and a Slovene Partisan, and after the war, he was a federal political leader in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and led the Yugoslav delegation in peace talks with Italy over the border dispute in the Julian March. He was the main creator of the Yugoslav system of workers' self-management. He was an economist and a full member of both the Slovene Academy of Sciences and Arts and the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts.[1] he played a major role and setting the foreign policy by designing the fundamental ideological basis for the Yugoslav policy of nonalignment in the 1950s and the 1960s.[2]

Edvard Kardelj
Member of the Presidency of Yugoslavia for SR Slovenia
In office 15 May 1974 – 10 February 1979
President	Josip Broz Tito
Preceded by	Marko Bulc Sergej Kraigher Mitja Ribičič
Succeeded by	Sergej Kraigher
7th President of the Federal Assembly of Yugoslavia
In office 29 June 1963 – 16 May 1967
Preceded by	Petar Stambolić
Succeeded by	Milentije Popović
Minister of Foreign Affairs of Yugoslavia
In office 31 August 1948 – 15 January 1953
Prime Minister	Josip Broz Tito
Preceded by	Stanoje Simić
Succeeded by	Koča Popović
Deputy Prime Minister of Yugoslavia
In office 2 February 1946 – 29 June 1963
Prime Minister	Josip Broz Tito
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Boris Kraigher Miloš Minić Veljko Zeković
Personal details
Born	(1910-01-27)27 January 1910 Ljubljana, Austria-Hungary
Died	10 February 1979(1979-02-10) (aged 69) Ljubljana, Slovenia, Yugoslavia
Cause of death	Colon cancer
Resting place	Tomb of National Heroes, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Nationality	Slovenian
Political party	League of Communists of Yugoslavia
Spouse(s)	Pepca Maček ​ ( m. 1939; his death 1979)
Children	Borut Kardelj
Relatives	Ivan Maček (brother-in-law)
Alma mater	Ljubljana Teachers' College International Lenin School Communist University of the National Minorities of the West
Awards	Order of the Yugoslav Great Star Order of the People's Hero Order of the Hero of Socialist Labour (2) Order of National Liberation Order of the Yugoslav Star with Sash Commemorative Medal of the Partisans of 1941
Military service
Nickname(s)	Bevc, Krištof, Sperans
Allegiance	Yugoslavia
Branch/service	Yugoslav Partisans Yugoslav People's Army
Years of service	1941–1979
Rank	Colonel general
Battles/wars	World War II in Yugoslavia

Early years

Kardelj was born in Ljubljana. At the age of 16 he joined the Communist Party of Yugoslavia, where he was drafted under the influence of the Slovenian journalist Vlado Kozak. He studied to become a teacher but never worked as one. In 1930, he was arrested in Belgrade and convicted of being a member of the illegal Communist Party. He was released in 1932 and returned to Ljubljana, where he became one of the leaders of the Slovenian section of the party after most of its former members had either left the party or perished in Joseph Stalin's purges.

In 1935, he went to Moscow to work for the Comintern. He was part of a group that survived Stalin's purge of the Yugoslav Communist leadership. Following Stalin's appointment of Josip Broz Tito as party leader, Kardelj became a leading member of the Party. The new leadership, centered around Tito, Aleksandar Ranković and Kardelj, returned to Yugoslavia in 1937 and launched a new party policy, calling for a common antifascist platform of all Yugoslav left-wing forces and for a federalization of Yugoslavia. The same year, an autonomous Communist Party of Slovenia was formed, with Kardelj as one of its leaders, together with Franc Leskošek (sl) and Boris Kidrič.

On 15 August 1939, Kardelj married Pepca Kardelj (sl), sister of the (later) People's Hero and communist functionary Ivan Maček (sl) (a.k.a. Matija).[3]

After the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941, he became one of the leaders of the Liberation Front of the Slovenian People. In summer and autumn 1941, he helped to set up the armed resistance in Slovenia which fought against the occupying forces till May 1945, jointly with Tito's Partisans in what became known as the People's Liberation War of Yugoslavia.

Postwar years

After 1945, he rose to the highest positions in the Yugoslav government and moved into a luxury house in the Tacen neighborhood of Ljubljana that was confiscated from its previous owner, the industrialist Ivan Seunig. The house had been built in 1940 by the architect Bojan Stupica (1910–1970) and was initially occupied by the communist politician Boris Kraigher.[4][5]

Between 1945 and 1947, Kardelj led the Yugoslav delegation that negotiated peace talks with Italy over the border dispute in the Julian March. After the Tito-Stalin split in 1948, he helped, with Milovan Đilas and Vladimir Bakarić, to devise a new economic policy in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, known as workers' self-management. In the 1950s, especially after Djilas's removal, he rose to become the main theorist of Titoism and Yugoslav workers' self-management.

Kardelj was shot and wounded in 1959 by Jovan Veselinov (sl). Although the official police investigation concluded that Veselinov had been shooting at a wild boar and Kardelj was struck by a ricochet from a rock, it was suggested at the time that the assassination attempt was orchestrated by his political rival Aleksandar Ranković or Ranković's, ally Slobodan Penezić.[6][7]

Kardelj's role diminished in the 1960s, for reasons that have yet to become clear. He again rose to prominence after 1973, when Tito removed the Croatian, Serbian and Slovenian reformist Communist leaderships, and restored a more orthodox party line. The following year he was one of the main authors of the 1974 Yugoslav Constitution which decentralized decision-making in the country, leaving the single republics under the leadership of their respective political leaderships.

Death and legacy

Kardelj died of colon cancer in Ljubljana on 10 February 1979.

During his lifetime, he was given several honors. He was appointed a member of the Slovene Academy of Sciences and Arts and was officially honored as a People's Hero of Yugoslavia. Apart from many streets, the entire coastal town of Ploče in southern Croatia was renamed Kardeljevo in his honour from 1950 to 1954 and again from 1980 to 1990. Immediately after his death, the University of Ljubljana changed its name to "Edvard Kardelj University of Ljubljana" (Slovene: Univerza Edvarda Kardelja v Ljubljani).

After the collapse of Yugoslavia, most of these were restored to their previous names, but in Slovenia there are still some street and square names that bear his name; for example, a square in Nova Gorica.

Edvard Kardelj was the father of the poet Borut Kardelj (sl), who committed suicide in 1971. His wife Pepca Kardelj died of a heart attack in 1990 but was widely rumored to have committed suicide.[8][9][10][11][12] His grandson is Igor Šoltes, a lawyer and politician.[13]

See also

• AVNOJ
• Milovan Đilas
• Stane Dolanc
• Economy of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
• OZNA
• Workers' self-management
• Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
• Josip Broz Tito
• Titoism
• UDBA

References

1. Politika daily, Političari i akademici
2. Silvio Pons and Robert Service, eds. A Dictionary of 20th-Century Communism (2010) p 438.
3. Strle, Franci. 1980. Tomšičeva brigada: Uvodni del. Ljubljana: Partizanska knjiga, p. 146.
4. Pahor, Peter. 2011. "Kardeljevo vilo v Tacnu vrnili dedičem." Dnevnik (15 October). (in Slovene)
5. Delić, Anuška. 2007. "Od Kraigherja in Kardelja do kaznovanih sodnih izvedencev". Delo (16 July). Archived 2012-08-03 at Archive.today (in Slovene)
6. "She Came in through the Bathroom Window" Tribuna (14 August 1989), pp. 3–7. Ljubljana: UK ZSMS, page 3. (in Slovene)
7. Ramet, Sabrina P. "Yugoslavia." In Eastern Europe: Politics, Culture, and Society Since 1939, pp. 159–189. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, p. 166.
8. Pečjak, Vid. 1990. Kako se je podrl komunizem: psihosocialna analiza dogodkov v nekdanjih in sedanjih socialističnih deželah. Ljubljana: author, p. 89.
9. Kermauner, Taras. 2002. Dramatika slovenske politične emigracije. 3. Paradoks odreševanja. Ljubljana: Slovenski gledališki muzej, p. 88.
10. "Rezidenco, kjer je Kardelj gostil Tita, bi radi za upokojenski dom." 2012. Finance 105.
11. Drozg, Tomi. 1990. "Cenjeni gospod Jelnikar!" Tribuna: študentski časopis 39(8): 3. (in Slovene)
12. See also: Edvard Kardelj, Vermeidbarkeit oder Unvermeidbarkeit des Krieges: Die jugoslawische und die chinesische These, Rowohlts Deutsche Enzyklopadie, (Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt Taschenbuch GmbH, 1961)
13. 19.01.2001 (2001-01-19). "Revizor, ki igra odvetnikom". Finance.si. Retrieved 2014-06-02.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

Sources

• Edvard Kardelj, Reminiscences: The struggle for recognition and independence of the new Yugoslavia, 1944–1957 (London: 1982)
• Széll, György. "Workers’ Participation in Yugoslavia." in The Palgrave Handbook of Workers’ Participation at Plant Level (Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2019) pp. 167-186.
• Jože Pirjevec, Jugoslavija: nastanek, razvoj ter razpad Karadjordjevićeve in Titove Jugoslavije (Koper: Lipa, 1995).
• Janko Prunk, "Idejnopolitični nazor Edvarda Kardelja v okviru evropskega socializma" in Ferenčev zbornik, ed. Zdenko Čepič&Damijan Guštin (Ljubljana: Inštitut za novejšo zgodovino, 1997), 105-116.
• Alenka Puhar, "Avtorstvo Razvoja slovenskega narodnostnega vprašanja: Ali bi k Speransu sodil še Anin, Alfa, mogoče Bor?", Delo (August 29, 2001), 16.
• Alenka Puhar, "Skrivnostna knjiga o Slovencih, ki že sedemdeset let čaka na objavo", Delo (October 3, 2001), 26.
• Božo Repe, Rdeča Slovenija: tokovi in obrazi iz obdobja socializma (Ljubljana: Sophia, 2003).