Kiro Gligorov

Kiro Gligorov (Macedonian: Киро Глигоров, pronounced [ˈkirɔ ˈɡliɡɔrɔf] (listen); May 3, 1917 – January 1, 2012) was the first President of the Republic of Macedonia (now North Macedonia), serving from 1991 to 1999. He held various high positions in the political establishment of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, including as Secretary of State for Finance in the Federal Executive Council, a member of the Yugoslav Presidency, as well as President of the Assembly of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from May 15, 1974 to May 15, 1978.

Kiro Gligorov Киро Глигоров
1st President of Macedonia
In office 27 January 1991 – 19 November 1999
Prime Minister	Nikola Kljusev Branko Crvenkovski Ljubčo Georgievski
Vice President	Ljubčo Georgievski (1991)[1]
Preceded by	Vladimir Mitkov (as President of the SR Macedonia)
Succeeded by	Boris Trajkovski
Personal details
Born	(1917-05-03)3 May 1917 Štip, Bulgarian-occupied Serbia (now North Macedonia)
Died	1 January 2012(2012-01-01) (aged 94) Skopje, Macedonia
Nationality	Yugoslav/Macedonian
Political party	LCM/Independent[2]
Spouse(s)	Nada Misheva (1943–2009; her death)
Children	3

In February 1990 he joined the Macedonian Forum for Preparation of a Macedonian National Program. Gligorov actively participated in the work of this forum, which discussed the situation in the Yugoslav Federation and the possibilities for resolving the independence of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia. Following the promulgation of the Declaration of Sovereignty of the State on January 25, 1991, Gligorov was elected the first President of the independent and sovereign Republic of Macedonia by the Assembly of the Republic of Macedonia on January 27, 1991. On March 7, he entrusted the mandate to Nikola Kljusev to form the first government.

Gligorov played an active role in the process of Macedonia's political independence and international recognition. Thus, he was the author of the question posed in the referendum held on September 8, 1991: "Are you in favor of a sovereign and independent state of Macedonia with the right to enter a future union of sovereign states of Yugoslavia?"[3] According to the claim of the then President of the Assembly of the Republic of Macedonia, Stojan Andov, in August 1991 he had a long and difficult conversation with the President of the Republic of Macedonia, Kiro Gligorov (who was the author of the referendum question), persuading him to delete the second part of the referendum. question. Fearing military intervention by the JNA, Gligorov stuck to his wording on the referendum question.[3] After the successful referendum, Gligorov went to the square "Macedonia" and greeted the gathered citizens with admiration.

After the adoption of the Constitution, all activities for the international recognition of Macedonia were undertaken by President Kiro Gligorov. On December 16, 1991, the Council of Ministers of the European Community (now the European Commission) decided to recognize the independence of those republics of the SFRY that would seek recognition but meet the conditions set by the European Community. The republics of SFRY, which sought international recognition, with the help of the chairman of the Conference on Yugoslavia, forwarded the applications to the Arbitration Commission (led by the French legal expert Robert Badinter), which was to give an opinion before the final decision on recognition. The President of the Republic of Macedonia, Kiro Gligorov, submitted the application for international recognition on time, and the Arbitration Commission prepared a preliminary text which it sent to the Republic of Macedonia. The opinion of the Arbitration Commission (item 2a) expressed some doubts regarding Macedonia's desire to gain independence, caused by the second part of the referendum question. Therefore, on December 11, in the newspaper "Nova Makedonija", President Gligorov published a reaction due to the preliminary decision of the Arbitration Commission. In the letter sent to Badinter, Gligorov described the consistent, subsequent adoption of legal acts for Macedonia's independence and explained the second part of the referendum question - his conviction that the situation in SFRY would calm down with the mediation of the international community and a new alliance would be created. of the republics.[3]

Upon the accession of the Republic of Macedonia to the United Nations, under the reference Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, he delivered his first speech before the General Assembly of the United Nations on April 7, 1993. In the general presidential election, he was re-elected President of the Republic by a majority of votes, on October 16, 1994. On September 13, 1995, the Interim Accord for the normalization of relations with Greece was signed at the United Nations Headquarters. On October 2, in Belgrade, he signed a recognition agreement with the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, and the next day, on October 3, 1995, Gligorov was the target of an assassination attempt in Skopje. After several months of treatment, on January 10, 1996, Gligorov returned to his presidency. In Helsinki, a solemn statement by Gligorov confirmed the accession of the Republic of Macedonia to the CSCE Final Document, on 29 May 1996.

Gligorov has won numerous international awards and recognitions for his successful, constructive management and regulation of the international relations of the Macedonian state. Following a speech at the University of Pittsburgh, the United States was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University on September 21, 1997. He was awarded the Mediterranean Peace Prize on January 5, 1998 in Naples. After the expiration of the second presidential term, he resigned the presidency from the newly elected candidate Boris Trajkovski.

Gligorov was married to Nada Gligorova, daughter of Stojan Mishev. Kiro Gligorov was the oldest Macedonian political official. On November 17, 1999, when his second presidential term ended, he was 82 years old, and in 2000, the Guinness Book of World Records listed Gligorov as the world's oldest president. Gligorov died at a very old age, 94, on January 1, 2012 at his home in Skopje.

Early life

Born in Štip, Kingdom of Serbia (then occupied by Bulgaria),[4] Gligorov later graduated from the University of Belgrade's Law School. After the defeat of Yugoslavia in 1941, he returned to Skopje (then annexed by Bulgaria), where Gligorov worked as a lawyer until 1943. In 1942, Gligorov was arrested by the Bulgarian police for reporting that he was a pro-Serbian communist. He was released on the orders of Skopje Mayor Spiro Kitinchev, who guaranteed for him as a trustworthy Bulgarian. Afterwards he participated in the National Liberation War of Macedonia as a secretary of the Initiative committee for the organization of the Antifascist Assembly of the National Liberation of Macedonia (ASNOM) and a finance commissioner in the Presidium of ASNOM.[5] He served as Finance Minister of Yugoslavia from 1962 to 1967.

After the promotion of parliamentary democracy in the country in 1990, he became the first democratically elected president of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia on January 27, 1991. On April 16, 1991, the parliament adopted the constitutional amendment for removing the "Socialist" adjective from the official name of the country, and on June 7 the same year, the new name Republic of Macedonia was officially established, hence Gligorov continued his presidency as the President of the Republic of Macedonia.[6]

He served for two terms, from January 27, 1991, to November 19, 1999. He was re-elected for his second term in office on November 19, 1994. He led his country to independence proclaimed after the referendum held on September 8, 1991, and tried to keep it out of the Yugoslav wars, a task made difficult by disputes with the Serbia and Montenegro, Albania, Bulgaria and Greece who all faced separate issues with the country.

Assassination attempt

Assassination attempt

On October 3, 1995, Gligorov was the target of a car bomb assassination attempt in Skopje. While on route from his residence to his office, the vehicle carrying Gligorov was blown up by an explosion from a parked vehicle, killing his driver and injuring several passers-by. Gligorov was seriously injured above his right eye and was immediately conveyed to the hospital.[7]

Since the incident there have been no suspects brought to book and no progress has been made in the investigation of the case. However, there have been short-lived speculations as to who could be the culprits. Shortly after bombing, the Minister of Internal Affairs Ljubomir Frčkovski publicly claimed that "a powerful multinational company from a neighbouring country" was behind the assassination attempt,[8] with the Macedonian media pointing at the Bulgarian Multigroup and the Yugoslav KOS as possible suspects.[8] During a meeting between Multigroup head Iliya Pavlov and Gligorov in Ohrid, Pavlov assured Gligorov that his organisation was not involved.[8] All investigations were futile.[8]

Gligorov was incapacitated until November 17, 1995. He was permanently blind in one eye as a result. Stojan Andov was acting president during Gligorov's recuperation.

The election for Gligorov's successor took place only a few days before the end of his term.

Death

Gligorov died at the age of 94 in the early hours of January 1, 2012, in his sleep.[9][10] At his own request, the funeral was private with only his closest family in attendance. He was buried in Butel Municipality, Skopje.[11]

Kiro was the father of Vladimir Gligorov, a refounder of the Democratic Party in Serbia.

Personal life

In October 1943, Gligorov married Nada Misheva (6 January 1920 – 26 June 2009)[12][13] and had one son and two daughters.

Honours

• Order of the Yugoslav Star with Sash [14]
• Order of Brotherhood and Unity with golden wreath
• Order of Labours with red flag[15]
• Jubilee Medal "65 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945[16]

References

1. Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (2007-01-24). The Balkans: A Post-Communist History. ISBN 9781134583287.
2. Sabrina P. Ramet et al., Building Democracy in the Yugoslav Successor States: Accomplishments, Setbacks, and Challenges since 1990, Cambridge University Press, 2017, ISBN 1107180740, p. 290.
3. "Гордеева Е.Н. Использование эмпирических методов в педагогическом исследовании на примере анкетирования и метода фокус-групп в оценке развития эстетической культуры сотрудников органов внутренних дел". Полицейская деятельность. 4 (4): 26–34. April 2019. doi:10.7256/2454-0692.2019.4.30543. ISSN 2454-0692.
4. The European powers in the First World War: an encyclopedia, Spencer Tucker, Laura Matysek Wood, Taylor & Francis, 1996, ISBN 0-8153-0399-8, p. 150.
5. Interview, "Utrinski vesnik" daily newspaper, issue 1497, August 31, 2006 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia Archived May 30, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
6. Gligorov became president on January 27, 1991, when the official name of the country was still Socialist Republic of Macedonia -On This Day - Macedonian Information Agency Archived 2008-01-25 at the Wayback Machine, see: 1991: The official change of the state's name (in Macedonian)
7. Osservatorio Balcani e Caucaso
8. "11th anniversary of assassination attempt on Gligorov, perpetrators unknown". MRT. 2006-10-03. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2006-10-22.
9. Former Macedonian president Kiro Gligorov dies, charlotteobserver.com, 2 January 2012
10. https://mobile.nytimes.com/2012/01/03/world/europe/kiro-gligorov-macedonia-president-in-1990s-dies-at-94.html
11. "Погребан претседателот Глигоров" (in Macedonian). 3 January 2012. Retrieved 3 January 2012.
12. http://www.utrinski.mk/default.asp?ItemID=A44E963EB41B1149873BE36E3B914CD1%5B%5D
13. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2017-10-10.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
14. http://daily.mk/ekonomija/dosie-kiro-gligorov-drzhavnik-prezhivea-atentat-ljubovna-afera
15. http://sitel.com.mk/dnevnik/makedonija/politichkiot-zivot-na-kiro-gligorov
16. http://www.vest.mk/DEFAULT.ASP?ItemID=CE993917ED1EBC4EA4AC35D071999969%5B%5D

External links

• Biography of Kiro Gligorov on the official website of the President of the Republic of Macedonia
• Biography of Kiro Gligorov

Political offices
Preceded by Vladimir Mitkov	President of the SR Macedonia 1991	Succeeded by Post abolished (himself as President of the Republic of Macedonia)
Preceded by post created (himself as President of the SR Macedonia)	President of the Republic of Macedonia 1991–1999	Succeeded by Boris Trajkovski