Kaltjiti

Kaltjiti, formerly and also still known as Fregon, is an Aboriginal community in Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara (APY lands) in South Australia, comprising one of the six main communities on "The Lands" (the others being Amata, Ernabella/Pukatja, Pipalyatjara, Indulkana and Mimili).

Kaltjiti (Fregon)
South Australia
Kaltjiti (Fregon)
Coordinates26°45′54″S 131°2′0″E
Population220 (2016 census)[1]
Establishedc. 1934
Postcode(s)0872
Elevation524 m (1,719 ft)
LGA(s)Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara
State electorate(s)Giles
Federal Division(s)Grey
Mean max temp Mean min temp Annual rainfall
28.7 °C
84 °F		 13.6 °C
56 °F		 222.6 mm
8.8 in

Geography

Kaltjiti (26.765°S 132.0333°E / -26.765; 132.0333) is situated approximately 45 kilometres (28 mi) south of the Musgrave Ranges and lies west of the Everard Ranges. Kaltjiti is also situated approximately 137 kilometres (85 mi) from Stuart Highway. Kaltjiti lies directly south of Umuwa and Ernabella/Pukatja. The community straddles the Officer Creek, which in turn flows from South Australia's highest mountain, Mount Woodroffe. The creek is usually a dry sandy bed and only flows at times of very high rainfall.

Climate

Based on the climate records from Marla, Kaltjiti experiences summer maximum temperatures of an average of 37.1 °C (98.8 °F) in January and a winter maximum average temperature of 19.7 °C (67.5 °F) in June. Overnight lows range from a mean minimum temperature of 21.8 °C (71.2 °F) in January to 5.0 °C (41.0 °F) in June.

Annual rainfall averages 222.6 millimetres (8.76 in).[2]

Demographics

In the 2016 Australian Census, Kaltjiti's population was 220 people.[1]

History

In 1986 the population was recorded as 268; in 1991, it was 310 and in 1996 it was 299, according to the Australian Bureau of Statistics' 1999 Yearbook.[3]

In the 2001 Australian Census, the population was 245.[4]

In 2006 and 2011, only the total count of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people for "Kaltjiti (Fregon) and Inintata Homelands" area is available, with a total of 212 in 2006[5] and 242 in 2011.[6]

History

19th century

The first recording by non-Indigenous Australians of a community at Kaltjiti was by explorer Ernest Giles. In September 1873 during his second trip into the South Australian interior, he and another party member, William Tietkens, encountered 200 male Aboriginal men. The Europeans fired shots, allegedly in retaliation for the throwing of spears. The Europeans escaped unharmed; there is no mention of Aboriginal casualties. Giles later acknowledged that Aboriginal aggression was usually due to white trespass on black land. Giles named the river where this occurred "The Officer", by which it was known until the 1930s when it was renamed Officer Creek.[7]

20th century

Harold Brown established the first European settlement in 1934 when he was granted the water permit for the Shirley Well block, 60 kilometres south of Ernabella. The well on the north side of the Officer creek was dug near the existing bore and the Browns built their house on the south side.

Brown and his colleague Allan Brumby had been encouraged by R. M. Williams' stories of successfully hunting dingoes to facilitate a cull encouraged by Government bounties for dingo scalps to take up "dogging" themselves. In about 1929 they headed west on a dogging and prospecting trip that took them through the Musgrave and Mann Ranges and as far as Uluru. They climbed the rock and left a message in a bottle for the next visitors. By the early 1930s Brown had established a base-camp in the Petermann Ranges and was dogging as far west as the Rawlinson and Warburton Ranges. Brown sank a successful well near Officer Creek, south of the Musgrave Ranges, and claimed the government reward. He constructed a mud hut and a dug-out dwelling at Shirley Well and ran some sheep, but continued to make long dogging trips westwards. Brown had an Aboriginal wife and several children, but in 1934 he married a white woman in Alice Springs. He abandoned his Aboriginal wife and their children, and his new wife joined him at Shirley Well.[8]

The South Australian Government resumed Brown's lease in 1939, and Ernabella (now Pukatja) gained grazing rights there. After the abortive attempt in 1957 to jointly establish outstations west of Ernabella, it was decided in 1960 to establish an outstation on the Shirley Well block under the umbrella of Ernabella. Aboriginal people were camped at Shirley Well permanently, which made it easy to expand the sheep industry to include this area.

Fregon was built with government assistance in 1961 as a base for cattlemen and their families. According to tradition, the community took the name "Fregon" at that time in honour of a Mr Fregon of Victoria who donated £5-10,000 to help missionaries establish a bore at the site. A site was chosen 4-5 kilometres south of Shirley Well on the Officer Creek about 60 kilometres south west of Ernabella. The aim of the outstation was to provide training in cattle work and for the families to have access to traditional country in the sandhills to the west. Fregon was administered through Ernabella and it was not until 1968 that it had its own airstrip. It began with a school, a small hospital, a workshop, a small store and staff houses. There were four staff members including a schoolteacher, a nursing sister, an overseer and a cattle manager.

Tuberculosis wiped out the cattle industry and transport business in the 1980s.

The settlement was funded by the federal government as an outstation during the 1980s.[9]

21st century

It was reported in early 2019 that a new water source had been found at a site near Kaljiti in a "palaeo-valley", where groundwater is held about 90 metres below the surface (existing sources being about 30m down). Core drill samples have been dated at 5–10 million years old. Pipes were temporarily capped, but elder Witjiti George said that he hoped the water could be used to support a cattle herd, helping to create jobs and an ongoing industry for isolated communities. The new source could also provide much needed drinking water. APY Lands general manager Richard King said the origin of the water was yet to be established, but the water is pure, with low salinity. Government experts were working with Flinders University and the CSIRO to learn more about the source.[10]

Facilities

Kaltjiti does not have a permanent police presence. South Australia Police are based at Mimili and run patrols in the area. There is a rudimentary shed structure that serves as a police station when police are present.[11] As of April 2007, the community was served by one community constable.

There is a police station at Umuwa, though it has not been permanently manned.[12] As of 2020 a new, permanent policing complex is being built at Umawa. It will accommodate officers with specialist response capabilities, as well provide a base for a mobile unit which will be deployed in Kaltjiti, Indulkana and Pipalyatjara. The service will work closely with child protection service agencies address child abuse and family violence issues.[13][14] The 2019–2020 Government of South Australia agency budget estimates the completion date as June 2021, with a total spend of A$4.28 million.[15]

Kaltjiti has a sealed airstrip.

Electrical power to the community is supplied from the central powerhouse at Umuwa, while water is provided from six bores—a portion of which is desalinated—and placed in storage tanks for pumping to the community. The desalinated water is supplied to the clinic, hot water services and dedicated drinking water taps in private houses and the store, while untreated water is supplied for other uses in dwellings and around the community. All water supplied to the community is disinfected using UV sterilisation. The desalination plant was commissioned in 2005 by SA Water and has a total capacity of 160 kilolitres (5,700 cu ft) per day.[16]

Kaltjiti has the Fregon Anangu School. Technical and further education (TAFE) opportunities are provided to the community.

There is a health clinic run by Nganampa Health Council with a doctor who visits both Fregon and Pukatja communities, and a general store supplied weekly via road train and forming the main supply for the APY lands.

Kaltjiti has an Australian Rules Football field and a basketball court with night lights. As with most APY settlements, Australian Broadcasting Corporation and Special Broadcasting Service television are available.

A mobile polling booth visits Kaltjiti every 4 years for elections of the Parliament of South Australia.

A permit is required for a member of the public to visit any community on the APY Lands, as they are freehold lands owned by the Aboriginal people.

Art centre

The community runs Kaltjiti Arts.[17] It is one of ten Indigenous-owned and -governed art centres that go to make up the APY Art Centre Collective,[18] established in 2013.[19]

Notes

    Citations
    1. Census Quickstats 2016.
    2. Bureau of Meteorology.
    3. ABS Yearbook 1999.
    4. "2001 Census QuickStats: Fregon (L)". ABS Quickstats. =Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
    5. "2006 Census QuickStats: Kaltjiti (Fregon) and Inintata Homelands". ABS Quickstats. =Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
    6. "2011 Census QuickStats: Kaltjiti (Fregon) and Inintata Homelands". ABS Quickstats. =Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
    7. SADPI 2005, p. i.
    8. Gara.
    9. Parliament of Australia. House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs; Blanchard, Allen (March 1987). "Inquiry into the Aboriginal homelands movement in Australia". Parliament of Australia. Published online 12 June 2011. ISBN 0 644 06201 0. Retrieved 16 August 2020. PDF
    10. Martin & Puddy 2019.
    11. SA Police Association Newsletter.
    12. "Police Stations like ill-equipped sheds", Adelaide Advertiser, 7 July 2007
    13. Henson 2018.
    14. DPMC media release 2018.
    15. SA Govt Budget report 2019.
    16. SAWater 2020.
    17. Kaltjiti Arts.
    18. "Our Art Centres". APY Art Centre Collective. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
    19. Marsh, Walter (20 May 2019). "New gallery run for and by Anangu artists opens in Adelaide". The Adelaide Review. Retrieved 15 March 2020.

    Sources

    Further reading
    • "Fregon Community". PY Law and Culture.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
    • "Kaltjiti". Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Media.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
    • "About Fregon". Fregon Anangu School.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
    • "Home". Kaltjiti Arts.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
    gollark: Is anyone except <@151149148639330304> actually DOING anything?
    gollark: What if we keep the existing buildings, but BEEstructure them by adding Worker Bees™ - produced by apiaries - to move items around and queue things autonomously?
    gollark: We should replace mines with Mining Bees™.
    gollark: Completely beestructure the entire system!
    gollark: Then the rules shall be editatteed.
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