KH-9 Hexagon

KH-9 (BYEMAN codename HEXAGON), commonly known as Big Bird[1] or KeyHole-9, was a series of photographic reconnaissance satellites launched by the United States between 1971 and 1986. Of twenty launch attempts by the National Reconnaissance Office, all but one were successful.[2] Photographic film aboard the KH-9 was sent back to Earth in recoverable film return capsules for processing and interpretation. The best ground resolution achieved by the main cameras was better than 0.6 metres (2 ft 0 in).[3]

A KH-9 HEXAGON main features.
A KH-9 Hexagon during assembly by Lockheed.

They are also officially known as the Broad Coverage Photo Reconnaissance satellites (Code 467), built by Lockheed Corporation for the National Reconnaissance Office.[1]

The satellites were an important factor in determining Soviet military capabilities and in the acquisition of accurate intelligence for the formulation of U.S. national policy decisions as well as deployment of U.S. forces and weapon systems. The satellites were instrumental in U.S. National Technical Means of Verification of SALT and the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty.[4]

The KH-9 was declassified in September 2011 and an example was put on public display for a single day on 17 September 2011 in the parking lot of the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center of the National Air and Space Museum.[5][6][7]

On 26 January 2012 the National Museum of the United States Air Force put a KH-9 on public display along with its predecessors the KH-7 and KH-8.[8]

Development
A KH-9 profile and dimensions.

The KH-9 was originally conceived in the early 1960s as a replacement for the Corona search satellites. The goal was to search large areas of the earth with a medium resolution camera. The KH-9 carried two main cameras, although a mapping camera was also carried on several missions. The photographic film from the cameras was sent to recoverable re-entry vehicles and returned to Earth, where the capsules were caught in mid-air by an aircraft. Four re-entry vehicles were carried on most missions, with a fifth added for missions that included a mapping camera.

Between September 1966 and July 1967, the contractors for the Hexagon subsystems were selected. LMSC was awarded the contract for the Satellite Basic Assembly (SBA), Perkin Elmer for the primary Sensor Subsystem (SS), McDonnell for the Reentry Vehicle (RV), RCA Astro-Electronics Division for the Film Take-Up system, and Itek for the Stellar Index camera (SI). Integration and ground-testing of Satellite Vehicle-1 (SV-1) were completed in May 1971, and it was subsequently shipped to Vandenberg Air Force Base in a 70-foot (21 m) container. Ultimately, four generations ("blocks") of KH-9 Hexagon reconnaissance satellites were developed. KH9-7 (1207) was the first to fly a Block-II panoramic camera and SBA. Block-III (vehicles 13 to 18) included upgrades to electrical distribution and batteries. Two added tanks with ullage control for the Orbit Adjust System (OAS) and new thrusters for the Reaction Control System (RCS) served to increase KH-9's operational lifetime. In addition, the nitrogen supply for the film transport system and the camera vessel was increased. Block-IV was equipped with an extended command system using plated wire memory.[9] In the mid 1970s, over 1,000 people in the Danbury, Connecticut area worked on the secret project.[10]

A reentry vehicle from the first Hexagon satellite sank to 16,000 feet (4,900 m) below the Pacific Ocean after its parachute failed. The USS Trieste II (DSV-1) retrieved its payload in April 1972 after a lengthy search, but the film had disintegrated during the nine months underwater, leaving no usable photographs.[11]

Over the duration of the program, the lifetime of the individual satellites increased steadily. The final KH-9 operated for up to 275 days. Different versions of the satellite varied in mass; most weighed 25,100 or 29,300 pounds (11,400 or 13,300 kg).

Satellite Control Section

The Satellite Control Section (SCS), which forms the aft part of the SBA, started as Air Force Project 467. SCS was intended as a more capable replacement for the on-orbit propulsion, which had been provided by the Agena upper stage for previous generations of reconnaissance satellites. The SCS featured an increased diameter of ten feet (3.0 m) (compared to five feet (1.5 m) for the Agena) and a length of six feet (1.8 m). It incorporated a secondary propulsion system inherited from the Agena. SCS was equipped with deployable solar arrays and an unfurlable parabolic antenna for high data rate communication.[12]

Main camera
A main camera optical path.
A achieved ground resolution of Satellite Vehicles (SV) 1 to 18 main cameras.
A KH-9 image of a Russian airfield.

The main camera system was designed by Perkin-Elmer[13] to take stereo images, with a forward looking camera on the port side, and an aft looking camera on the starboard side. Images were taken at altitudes ranging from 90–200 miles (480,000–1,060,000 ft; 140–320 km). The camera optical layout is an f/3.0 folded Wright Camera, with a focal length of 60 in (1.5 m). The system aperture is defined by a 20 in (0.51 m) diameter aspheric corrector plate, which corrects the spherical aberration of the Wright design. In each of the cameras the ground image passes through the corrector plate to a 45-degree-angle flat mirror, which reflects the light to a 36-inch-diameter (0.91 m) concave main mirror. The main mirror directs the light through an opening in the flat mirror and through a four-element lens system onto the film platen. The cameras could scan contiguous areas up to 120 degrees wide, and achieved a ground resolution better than 2 ft (0.61 m) during the later phase of the project.[3][14]

Mapping imagery

Missions 1205 to 1216 carried a "mapping camera" (also known as a "frame camera") that used 9 inch film and had a moderately low resolution of initially 30 ft (9 m), which improved to 20 ft (6 m) on later missions[15] (somewhat better than LANDSAT). Intended for mapmaking, photos this camera took cover essentially the entire Earth with at least some images between 1973 and 1980.[16] Almost all the imagery from this camera, amounting to 29,000 images, each covering 1,300 square miles (3,400 km2), was declassified in 2002 as a result of Executive order 12951,[17] the same order which declassified CORONA, and copies of the films were transferred to the U.S. Geological Survey's Earth Resources Observation Systems office.[18]

Scientific analysis of declassified KH-9 satellite images continues to reveal historic trends and changes in climate and terrestrial geology. A 2019 study of glacial melt in the Himalayas over the past half-century used data collected by KH-9 satellites throughout the 1970s and 1980s to demonstrate that melt rates had doubled since 1975.[19]

The KH-9 was never a backup project for the KH-10 Manned Orbital Laboratory. It was developed solely as a replacement for the Corona search system.

High-altitude atmospheric density

Missions 1205 to 1207 carried Doppler beacons[20] to help map the atmospheric density at high altitudes in an effort to understand the effect on ephemeris predictions.[21][22] The measurements of the atmospheric density were released through NASA.[23]

ELINT subsatellites

Missions 1203, 1207, 1208, 1209, and 1212 to 1219 included Ferret ELINT subsatellites, which were launched into a high earth orbit to catalogue Soviet air defence radars, eavesdrop on voice communications, and tape missile and satellite telemetry. Missions 1210 to 1212 also included scientific subsatellites.[24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32]

KH-9 missions
Name Block[9] Mission no. Launch date NSSDC ID
NORAD #		 Other Name Launch vehicle Orbit Decay date
KH9-1 I 1201 1971 June 15 1971-056A[33]
05297		 OPS 7809 Titan IIID 184.0 km × 300.0 km, i=96.4° 1971 Aug 06[34]
KH9-2 I 1202 1972 Jan 20 1972-002A[35]
05769		 OPS 1737 Titan IIID 157.0 km × 331.0 km, i=97.0° 1972 Feb 29[36]
KH9-3 I 1203 1972 Jul 7 1972-052A[37]
06094		 OPS 7293 Titan IIID 174.0 km × 251.0 km, i=96.9° 1972 Sep 13[38]
KH9-4 I 1204 1972 Oct 10 1972-079A[39]
06227		 OPS 8314 Titan IIID 160.0 km × 281.0 km, i=96.5° 1973 Jan 08[40]
KH9-5 I 1205 1973 Mar 9 1973-014A[41]
06382		 OPS 8410 Titan IIID 152.0 km × 270.0 km, i=95.7° 1973 May 19[42]
KH9-6 I 1206 1973 Jul 13 1973-046A[43]
06727		 OPS 8261 Titan IIID 156.0 km × 269.0 km, i=96.2° 1973 Oct 12[44]
KH9-7 II 1207 1973 Nov 10 1973-088A[45]
06928		 OPS 6630 Titan IIID 159.0 km × 275.0 km, i=96.9° 1974 Mar 13[46]
KH9-8 II 1208 1974 Apr 10 1974-020A[47]
07242		 OPS 6245 Titan IIID 153.0 km × 285.0 km, i=94.5° 1974 Jul 28[48]
KH9-9 II 1209 1974 Oct 29 1974-085A[49]
07495		 OPS 7122 Titan IIID 162.0 km × 271.0 km, i=96.7° 1975 Mar 19[50]
KH9-10 II 1210 1975 Jun 8 1975-051A[51]
07918		 OPS 6381 Titan IIID 157.0 km × 234.0 km, i=96.3° 1975 Nov 05[52]
KH9-11 II 1211 1975 Dec 4 1975-114A[53]
08467		 OPS 4428 Titan IIID 157.0 km × 234.0 km, i=96.7° 1976 Apr 01[54]
KH9-12 II 1212 1976 Jul 8 1976-065A[55]
09006		 OPS 4699 Titan IIID 159.0 km × 242.0 km, i=97.0° 1976 Dec 13[56]
KH9-13 III 1213 1977 Jun 27 1977-056A[57]
10111		 OPS 4800 Titan IIID 155.0 km × 239.0 km, i=97.0° 1977 Dec 23[58]
KH9-14 III 1214 1978 Mar 16 1978-029A[59]
10733		 OPS 0460 Titan IIID 172.0 km × 218.0 km, i=96.4° 1978 Sep 11[60]
KH9-15 III 1215 1979 Mar 16 1979-025A[61]
11305		 OPS 3854 Titan IIID 177.0 km × 256.0 km, i=96.3° 1979 Sep 22[62]
KH9-16 III 1216 1980 Jun 18 1980-052A[63]
11850		 OPS 3123 Titan IIID 169.0 km × 265.0 km, i=96.5° 1981 Mar 06[64]
KH9-17 III 1217 1982 May 11 1982-041A[65]
13170		 OPS 5642 Titan IIID 177.0 km × 262.0 km, i=96.4° 1982 Dec 05[66]
KH9-18 III 1218 1983 Jun 20 1983-060A[67]
14137		 OPS 0721 Titan 34D 163.0 km × 224.0 km, i=96.4° 1984 Mar 21[68]
KH9-19 IV 1219 1984 Jun 25 1984-065A[69]
15063		 USA 2 Titan 34D 170.0 km × 230.0 km, i=96.5° 1984 Oct 18[70]
KH9-20 IV 1220 1986 Apr 18 1986-F03 launch failed[2] Titan 34D — —

(NSSDC ID Numbers: See COSPAR)

Cost

The total cost of the 20 flight KH-9 program from FY1966 to FY1986 was US$3.262 billion in respective year dollars (equivalent to 14.66 billion in 2019, with an average reference year of 1976).[9]

Specifications

Data source: The Encyclopedia of US Spacecraft[1] and NSSDC

  • Launch vehicle: Titan IIID/34D
  • Total weight: 11,400 kg (25,100 lb), with mapping camera 13,300 kg (29,300 lb)
  • Reentry weight: 5,330 kg (11,750 lb)[71]
  • Max. diameter (main body): 3.05 m (120 in)[71]
  • Length (with mapping camera): 16.21 m (638 in)[71]
  • Orbit: elliptical, 100 miles by 150 miles
  • Scanners: television, radio, and high resolution camera
  • The reaction control system of a KH-9, showing the propellant tanks.
  • A KH-9 in scaffolding, being prepared for launch.
  • A technician despools one of the re-entry modules which contained the film used by the cameras.
  • A diagram showing the assembly, testing and launch preparations of a KH-9.
  • The forward section of a KH-9.
  • A KH-9 re-entry module hanging from its parachute, ready to be retrieved.
  • Another view of the KH-9's reaction control system.
  • A KH-9 being transported by truck in a special canister.
  • The shroud and base of a KH-9 undergo vibration tests in an acoustic chamber.
  • This painting of a KH-9 shows the two different camera types that the satellite carried.
  • Basic specifications and diagram of the KH-9.
  • This diagram shows the various sections of the KH-9 and their dimensions.
  • A KH-9 at the National Museum of the United States Air Force (front view).
  • A KH-9 at the National Museum of the United States Air Force (forward section).
  • A KH-9 at the National Museum of the United States Air Force (film recovery unit).
  • A KH-9 at the National Museum of the United States Air Force (center section).
  • A KH-9 at the National Museum of the United States Air Force (left camera).
  • A KH-9 at the National Museum of the United States Air Force (rear view without solar panels).
gollark: ?urban apioform
gollark: Not really.
gollark: I could, but no.
gollark: They can use laser launch, solar sails, fusion drives, mass drivers, tons of stuff.
gollark: We had space-adapted bees for ages.

See also

Other U.S. imaging spy satellites:

References
  1. Yenne, Bill (1985). The Encyclopedia of US Spacecraft. Exeter Books (A Bison Book), New York. ISBN 0-671-07580-2.p.32 Big Bird
  2. "34D-9: Titan rocket with last KH-9 explodes after liftoff (18.4.86) (F)" – via YouTube.
  3. Gerald K. Haines (1997). "Critical to US Security: the development of the GAMBIT and HEXAGON satellite reconnaissance system". National Reconnaissance Office. Archived from the original on 2012-09-15. Retrieved 2011-09-24.
  4. https://www.nro.gov/Portals/65/documents/foia/declass/HEXAGON%20Records/73.pdf
  5. https://fas.org/blogs/secrecy/2011/09/nro_50th/
  6. http://www.space.com/12996-secret-spy-satellites-declassified-nro.html
  7. Doyle, John M., Big Bird, uncaged, Air and Space, December 2011/January 2012, p.10
  8. Cohen, Aubrey, "Three former spy satellites go on display", Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Thursday, January 26, 2012
  9. "The HEXAGON story" (PDF). National Reconnaissance Office. 1988. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-09-16. Retrieved 2011-10-06.
  10. "Decades Later, a Cold War Secret Is Revealed". Associated Press. December 25, 2011.
  11. Walthrop, David (2013-05-28). "An Underwater Ice Station Zebra: Recovering a Secret Spy Satellite Capsule from 16,400 feet Below the Pacific Ocean" (PDF). Historical Collection Publications. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-28. Retrieved 2013-06-29.
  12. Hall, R. Cargill (1988). "The Air Force and the National Security Space Program 1946 - 1988" (PDF). USAF Historical Research Center.
  13. Doyle, John M., Big Bird, uncaged, Air & Space, December 2011/January 2012, p.10
  14. Richard J. Chester (1985). "A history of the HEXAGON program". National Reconnaissance Office. Archived from the original on 2012-09-15. Retrieved 2011-09-24.
  15. "NRO's Review & Redaction Guide (RRG), 2008" (PDF). NRO.
  16. NARA ARC database description of "Keyhole-9 (KH-9) Satellite Imagery", accession number NN3-263-02-011
  17. "National Archives Releases Recently Declassified Satellite Imagery". National Archives and Records Administration press release. 2002-10-09.
  18. "NIMA Sponsors Historical Imagery Declassification Conference America's Eyes: What We Were Seeing". National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency.
  19. Harvey, Chelsea (2019-06-20). "Cold War Spy Satellites Reveal Substantial Himalayan Glacier Melt". Scientific American. Retrieved 2019-06-20.
  20. Barbara Pope (2006-04-28). "NIMS file by satellite name". NASA.
  21. James N. Bass; Krishin H. Bhavnani; Isabel M. Hussey (1975-04-01). "Atmospheric Density Determination from Analysis of Doppler Beacon Satellite Data". Air Force Cambridge Research Labs, Hanscom AFB. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-16.
  22. K.S.W. Champion; J.M. Forves (1976). "Atmospheric drag analyses of low-altitude Doppler beacon satellites". Satellite Doppler Positioning. New Mexico State University. 1: 343. Bibcode:1976sdp..conf..343C.
  23. Scott F. Large (2002-10-09). "National Reconnaissance Office Review and Redaction Guide: Version 1.0 2008 Edition". NRO. Archived from the original on 2009-05-06.
  24. "1972-052C". NASA National Space Science Data Center. 2010-10-08.
  25. "1973-088B". NASA National Space Science Data Center. 2010-10-08.
  26. "1974-020B". NASA National Space Science Data Center. 2010-10-08.
  27. "1974-020C". NASA National Space Science Data Center. 2010-10-08.
  28. "1974-085B". NASA National Space Science Data Center. 2010-10-08.
  29. "1976-065B". NASA National Space Science Data Center. 2010-10-08.
  30. "1976-065C". NASA National Space Science Data Center. 2010-10-08.
  31. "1984-065C". NASA National Space Science Data Center. 2010-10-08.
  32. Day, Dwayne (2009-04-27). "Robotic ravens: American ferret satellite operations during the Cold War". thespacereview.com.
  33. 1971-056A
  34. "KH 9-01". NASA National Space Science Data Center. 2010-10-08.
  35. 1972-002A
  36. "KH 9-02". NASA National Space Science Data Center. 2010-10-08.
  37. 1972-052A
  38. "KH 9-03". NASA National Space Science Data Center. 2010-10-08.
  39. 1972-079A
  40. "KH 9-04". NASA National Space Science Data Center. 2010-10-08.
  41. 1973-014A
  42. "KH 9-05". NASA National Space Science Data Center. 2010-10-08.
  43. 1973-043A
  44. "KH 9-06". NASA National Space Science Data Center. 2010-10-08.
  45. 1973-088A
  46. "KH 9-07". NASA National Space Science Data Center. 2010-10-08.
  47. 1974-020A
  48. "KH 9-08". NASA National Space Science Data Center. 2010-10-08.
  49. 1974-085A
  50. "KH 9-09". NASA National Space Science Data Center. 2010-10-08.
  51. 1975-051A
  52. "KH 9-10". NASA National Space Science Data Center. 2010-10-08.
  53. 1975-114A
  54. "KH 9-11". NASA National Space Science Data Center. 2010-10-08.
  55. 1976-065A
  56. "KH 9-12". NASA National Space Science Data Center. 2010-10-08.
  57. 1977-056A
  58. "KH 9-13". NASA National Space Science Data Center. 2010-10-08.
  59. 1978-029A
  60. "KH 9-14". NASA National Space Science Data Center. 2010-10-08.
  61. 1979-025A
  62. "KH 9-15". NASA National Space Science Data Center. 2010-10-08.
  63. 1980-052A
  64. "KH 9-16". NASA National Space Science Data Center. 2010-10-08.
  65. 1982-041A
  66. "KH 9-17". NASA National Space Science Data Center. 2010-10-08.
  67. 1983-060A
  68. "KH 9-18". NASA National Space Science Data Center. 2010-10-08.
  69. 1984-065A
  70. "1984-065A". NASA National Space Science Data Center. 2010-10-08.
  71. Stern, Richard G. (2008-08-05). "Reentry Breakup and Survivability Characteristics of the Vehicle Atmospheric Survivability Project (VASP) Vehicles". dtic.mil. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-02-13.
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