KH-5 Argon

KH-5 ARGON was a series of reconnaissance satellites produced by the United States from February 1961 to August 1964. The KH-5 operated similarly to the Corona series of satellites, as it ejected a canister of photographic film. At least 12 missions were attempted, but at least 7 resulted in failure. The satellite was manufactured by Lockheed. Launches used Thor-Agena rockets flying from Vandenberg Air Force Base, with the payload being integrated into the Agena.

KH-5 Argon
ManufacturerLockheed Corporation
Country of originUnited States
OperatorNRO
ApplicationsReconnaissance
Geodetic mapping
Specifications
BusRM-81 Agena
Launch mass1,274 kilograms (2,809 lb)
EquipmentOptical cameras
556 x 556 km coverage
140 m resolution
RegimeLEO
Dimensions
Production
StatusRetired
Launched12
Retired5
Failed4
Lost3
Related spacecraft
Derived fromCORONA
A KH 5 ARGON (with Agena-B service module) main features.
A KH 5 ARGON (with Agena-D service module) main features.

Payload

Different versions of the satellite varied in mass from 1110 to 1500 kg. At least two missions deployed ELINT subsatellites. Ground resolution for the satellite was 140 meters, with a swath of 556 km. The onboard camera had a focal length of 76 mm. The purpose of the system, which produced relatively low-resolution images compared to other spy satellites, was to provide imagery for mapmaking purposes. This was one of the tasks that had originally been planned for the SAMOS series of satellites equipped with the (quickly cancelled) E-4 cameras. Each satellite took photographs for less than a week before returning its film.

The satellite was in use during the same period as the KH-2 to KH-4A CORONA and the KH-6 LANYARD satellites. Later satellites were the KH-4B and KH-7. Images from three of the successful missions returned the first images of Antarctica from space.[1]

Satellites

Discoverer 20 (KH-5 9014A), was a USAF photographic reconnaissance satellite under the supervision of the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO). Discoverer 20 was the first KH-5 ARGON satellite to be launched. The launch occurred at 20:24:00 GMT on 17 February 1961. A Thor DM-21 Agena-B rocket was used, flying from LC 75-3-4 at the Vandenberg Air Force Base. It was assigned the Harvard designation 1961 Epsilon 1. Discoverer 20 was operated in an Earth orbit, with a perigee of 283 km, an apogee of 770 km, 80.91° of inclination, and a period of 95.81 minutes. The satellite was equipped with a camera with a focal length of 76 mm, which had a resolution of 140 m. Images were recorded onto 127 mm film, and were to have been returned in a Satellite Recovery Vehicle (SRV) before the satellite ceased operations. The satellite weighed 1110 kg. Recovery of the capsule was not attempted due to a system malfunction, and thus the scientific experiment data obtained were limited. Discoverer 20 decayed on 28 July 1962.[2]

Launches
NameLaunch DateNSSDC IDAlt NameAlt NameMass (kg)Decay DateNotes
KH-5 9014A1961-02-171961-005ADiscoverer 201961 Epsillon 111101962-07-28Film capsule not ejected.
KH-5 9016A1961-04-081961-011ADiscoverer 231961 Lambda 111501962-04-16Film capsule ejected into wrong orbit, not recovered.
KH-5 9018A 1961-06-08DISC24Discoverer 241961-F051150---Failed to orbit.
KH-5 9020A1961-07-21DISC27Discoverer 271961-F071150---Failed to orbit.
KH-5 9034A 1962-05-15 1962-018A FTV 1126 1962 Sigma 1150 1962-06-20 Successful.
KH-5 9042A 1962-09-01 1962-044A FTV 1132 1962 A Upsillon 1150 1962-10-01 Film capsule sank.
KH-5 9046A 1962-10-09 1962-053A FTV 1134 1962 B Epsillon 1500 1962-10-17 Successful.
KH-5 9055A 1963-04-26 1963-004X OPS 1008 1963-F07 1150 --- Failed to orbit.
KH-5 9058A 1963-08-29 1963-035A OPS 1561 1963-035 1000 1963-09-30 Successful; deployed ELINT subsatellite.
KH-5 9059A 1963-10-29 1963-042A OPS 2437 1963-042 1500 1963-11-29 Successful; deployed ELINT subsatellite.
KH-5 9065A 1964-06-13 1964-030A OPS 3236 1964-030 1500 1964-07-14 Successful.
KH-5 9066A 1964-08-21 1964-048A OPS 2739 1964-048 1500 1964-09-20 Successful.
gollark: How do you know your password is the right one?
gollark: I should assign unique IDs to the other sandbox escape bugs.
gollark: My "fix" is this:```lua--[["Fix" for bug PS#E9DCC81BSummary: `pcall(getfenv, -1)` seemingly returned the environment outside the sandbox.Based on some testing, this seems like some bizarre optimization-type feature gone wrong.It seems that something is simplifying `pcall(getfenv)` to just directly calling `getfenv` and ignoring the environment... as well as, *somehow*, `function() return getfenv() end` and such.The initial attempt at making this work did `return (fn(...))` instead of `return fn(...)` in an attempt to make it not do this, but of course that somehow broke horribly. I don't know what's going on at this point.This is probably a bit of a performance hit, and more problematically liable to go away if this is actually some bizarre interpreter feature and the fix gets optimized away.Unfortunately I don't have any better ideas. Also, I haven't tried this with xpcall, but it's probably possible, so I'm attempting to fix that too.]]local real_pcall = pcallfunction _G.pcall(fn, ...) return real_pcall(function(...) local ret = {fn(...)} return unpack(ret) end, ...)end local real_xpcall = xpcallfunction _G.xpcall(fn, handler) return real_xpcall(function() local ret = {fn()} return unpack(ret) end, handler)end```which appears to work at least?
gollark: Fixed, but I don't really know how or why.
gollark: ... should I create a bug report?

See also

References
  1. Robert Bindschadler and Wendy Seider (November 1998). "Declassified Intelligence Satellite Photography (DISP) Coverage of Antarctica" (PDF). NASA/TM-1998-206879.
  2. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1961-005A - 24 January 2020
  • Mark Wade (August 9, 2003). KH-5. Encyclopedia Astronautica.
  • KH-5 ARGON. GlobalSecurity.org.
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