Junior Certificate

The Junior Certificate (Irish: Teastas Sóisearach) or "Junior Cert" for short, is an educational qualification awarded in Ireland by the Department of Education and Skills to students who have successfully completed the junior cycle of secondary education and achieved a minimum standard in their Junior Certificate Examination (Irish: Scrúdú an Teastais Shóisearaigh). These exams, like those for the Leaving Certificate, are supervised by the State Examinations Commission. A "recognised pupil"[3] who commences the Junior Cycle must reach at least 12 years of age on 1 January of the school year of admission and must have completed primary education; the examination is normally taken after three years' study in a secondary school. Typically a student takes 9 to 13 subjects – including English, Irish and Mathematics – as part of the Junior Cycle. The examination does not reach the standards for college or university entrance; instead, a school leaver in Ireland will typically take the Leaving Certificate Examination two or three years after completion of the Junior Certificate to reach that standard.

Junior Certificate
The JCertificate result sheet
AcronymJC
TypePaper-based
Developer / administratorState Examinations Commission
PurposeTo provide a well-balanced, general education to students who wish to enter on more advanced courses of study
Year started1992 (1992)
Duration1 hour 30 minutes-3 hours
Score / grade range0 to 100
OfferedOnce a year
LanguagesEnglish, Irish
Annual number of test takers59,522 (2015)[1]
Prerequisites / eligibility criteriaAt least 12 years of age on year of admission and must have completed primary education
Fee€109 (2018)[2]
Websitewww.examinations.ie

The objective[4] of the Junior Cycle is:

...to provide a well-balanced, general education suitable for pupils who leave full-time education at the end of compulsory schooling or, alternatively, who wish to enter on more advanced courses of study.

History

The first Junior Certificate syllabus was introduced in 1989 and examined in 1992.[5] It replaced two earlier examinations:

Intermediate Certificate ("Inter Cert")
(Irish: Teastas Idirmheánach) introduced in 1924; originally for pupils at voluntary secondary schools (often boarding schools) after 3 or 4 years of study[6] [7]
Group, or Day Vocational, Certificate ("Group Cert", or "Day Cert")
(Irish: Teastas Grúpa, Teastas na nGairmchúrsaí Lae)[8] introduced in 1947 for pupils at vocational schools after 2 years of study[9]

The syllabuses of the Group Cert and Inter Cert were coordinated from 1968.[10]

The new, modern Junior Certificate course was acclaimed as it was much more flexible than its predecessors. It quickly became the minimum requirement for getting a job in Ireland.

A typical exam hall.

Near the end of the decade, the Department of Education and Science began to replace many subject curricula, particularly those that were dated, such as History and Geography. In 1999, Civic, Social, and Political Education was introduced as a subject and made mandatory from 2000, when Religious Education was also brought in. Religion was phased in with just a few schools adopting it in its first year, but now nearly all do the exam for Junior Cert, whilst CSPE was implemented nationwide. In 2002 a new Science course was introduced. The new course emphasised greater class participation and introduced the awarding of a percentage of marks for class practicals throughout the three years. However, many teachers complained about a lack of information from the Department about this change. Sample papers were not released until early 2006, the year when the new exam would be sat for the first time. Also, some schools complained that they did not have the laboratory facilities to do the new course but were forced to teach it anyway.

In 2004, results were made available on the Internet for the first time thus allowing students who, for instance, had moved school or left school to get their results without having to return to their old school. The lack of students taking honours Maths has been a consistent issue throughout the history of the Junior Certificate. However, in recent years the trend of taking honours Maths has increased positively.[11]

The Junior Cycle
Some Junior Certificate course books

The Junior Cycle is the first three years of second-level education. In the final year of the course, teachers allocate a substantial amount of time for revision of key topics. Candidates also practice answering questions which appeared on previous examination papers. Courses are quite broad – for example, the Business Studies course covers business organisation, marketing, economics, accounting and several other areas. The same is also true of the Science course, which covers basic physics, chemistry and biology. The Leaving Certificate exam, by comparison, is much more specific.

A "recognised junior pupil"[4] must undertake all the mandatory subjects and at least two of the optional subjects, except insofar as exemptions or exclusions apply. In certain types of schools, subjects in the optional grouping (or a selection from combinations of them) may, in fact, be mandatory, for instance, History and Geography are mandatory in certain types of schools.[12] Most schools do not offer all the optional subjects but must offer all the mandatory and certain optional subjects.

Each subject is examined at one of three levels, Higher Level (informally Honours), Ordinary Level (informally Pass), or Foundation Level. Foundation Level may only be taken in two subjects: Irish and Mathematics. All other subjects may be taken at either Ordinary or Higher Level. In general, a Higher Level grade is worth 40 points more than the equivalent Ordinary Level grade (e.g. a Higher C1 is 70 points, while an Ordinary C1 is 30). No points are awarded for a grade below D3 (40%). However, a D3 may be awarded with a tolerance of up to 2%; a practice in place since the introduction of the grading system in 1969.[4]

Mandatory subjects
  • Irish† (Higher and Ordinary)
  • English (Higher and Ordinary)
  • Mathematics (Higher, Ordinary and Foundation)
  • CSPE (Last examined in 2019)

†An exemption from taking Irish may be awarded in some cases, for students with a specific learning difficulty such as dyslexia or Autism Spectrum Disorder, or those who did not attend school in the country before their twelfth birthday.

Optional subjects

Optional subjects are offered at Ordinary and Higher Level, some at Common Level.

Arts and Humanities

‡Classical Studies can not be taken by a student who is also taking Greek or Latin.

Modern languages
  • French
  • German
  • Italian
  • Spanish

Sciences
  • Environmental and Social Studies
  • Geography
  • Home Economics
  • Science

Applied Sciences

Other
  • Typewriting (2016 was the final year of examination, per DoE Circular 0061/2014[14])

The Examination

The final examination takes place after three years of the course, in early June. The exams always start with English, then the other core subjects and finish with the subjects that have the fewest candidates. They usually last two and a half weeks. The exams can take the form of written papers, aural exams (which are usually included at the start of the written paper), practical exams (for example, in Music, 25% of the final result is based on a performance and skills test in front of an examiner) and marks from course work assignments (such as in CSPE, where 60% of the exam rests on an action project completed during the school year). Exams normally range from two to two and a half hours long; most subjects are one paper only (i.e. they are taken in a single session), however, three subjects have two papers at higher level – Irish and Mathematics. Until 2017, the English and business studies examination also had two papers at higher level.

Schools with students taking the examinations will have one or more examination centres (individual enclosed rooms in which examinations take place), and almost always at least two, because the Leaving Certificate and Junior Certificate examinations cannot take place in the same centre. Smaller centres can be used for students with reasonable accommodations because of a learning or writing difficulty. Each exam centre is supervised by an external invigilator, usually a teacher from another school or an employee of the SEC. A staff member of the school is hired as an examination aide by the SEC to act as a liaison between the SEC and the school officials during the examination period. Candidates may not enter the exam centre after the first 30 minutes, and are permitted to leave the centre after 30 minutes have passed, up until the last 15 minutes of the examination, although this practice has been abolished in some schools, and is discouraged in many others.

The Irish Times published an article where teachers expressed their concern that some syllabi for certain subjects (e.g. Business Studies) were not "up-to-date" with current events and would therefore not encourage students enough to think independently and apply theory to real-world scenarios.[15]

Levels

At the Junior Certificate, students can take an examination subject at one of four levels. These are:

  • Higher Level (Irish: Ardleibhéal; sometimes called "Honours") – available in all subjects except CSPE, Science and Business Studies, Modern Foreign languages.
  • Ordinary Level (Irish: Gnáthleibhéal; sometimes called "Pass") – an easier course than Higher Level; available in all subjects except CSPE, Science and Business Studies, Modern Foreign languages.
  • Foundation Level (Irish: Bonnleibhéal) – an easier course than Ordinary Level; available only in Irish and Mathematics.
  • Common Level (Irish: Leibhéal Comónta) – available only in CSPE, Science and Business Studies, Modern Foreign languages.

The level taken at Junior Certificate may have bearing on the level taken in the Leaving Certificate; thus, for instance, a student could take an Ordinary level in the Junior Certificate and then could not take a Higher level in the corresponding Leaving Certificate subject, later.

Grading
Grading is split into seven ranges.

A mark below 10% receives no grade. Above this, there are six ranges of 15%, from F up to A. Grades A, B, C and D are passing grades, E and F are failing grades; therefore, the pass mark for the Junior Cert is 40%.

Irish

In the Junior Certificate candidates have the option of answering either in Irish (only if they have been in the Irish stream) or in English, except in the case of the subjects Irish and English and questions in other language subjects.[16] Certain subjects and components are not available for bonus marks, marks awarded also vary depending on the written nature of the subject.

Exemptions

Students who face disadvantages (e.g. suffer spelling problems caused by dyslexia, dyspraxia, dysgraphia, or other disorders such as Autism Spectrum Disorder or ADHD) cannot be penalised for poor spelling in exams such as English and Irish. These candidates will then be marked more leniently on all topics (e.g. if a student has a spelling problem in English he/she will be marked out of 50 for their mechanics).

Junior Cycle

In 2017, English got a new grading system, as part of the new Junior Cycle.[17] This new grading system will also be in place for Science and Business Studies from 2019 The grading is as follows:

  • 90 to 100% = Distinction
  • 75 to 89% = Higher Merit
  • 55 to 74% = Merit
  • 40 to 54% = Achieved
  • 20 to 39% = Partially Achieved
  • 0 to 19% = Not Graded/NG

After the exam

Results

Junior Cert results are not a prerequisite for the Leaving Certificate, so that all students may continue to their next year of education no matter what their results. The Junior Certificate (and more so, the Leaving Certificate) results take centre place in the Irish media during the week surrounding their release. The newspapers publish various statistics about the exam and cover high achievers (some receive ten or more "A" grades). In 2019 much controversy was caused by the delaying of the results from the usual September 12-15th dates Until October 4th

Appealing grades

If a student is unhappy with a grade they received on any of the exam results, they may appeal the decision made by the SEC. They need to pay a fee (in 2010 the fee was set at €32 per exam) and the principal of the school writes a letter of appeal application to the State Examinations Commission, stating the candidate's name, exam number and the exam they would like to appeal. There is a deadline to appeal, usually 14–21 days after the results are published, in which the student's application must be made. The appeal results are usually handed out mid-November. The grade that is received this time is final, and no more appeals can be made. If the candidate's grade did not change, no further action will be taken. However, if a change did occur, then the candidate will be refunded the appeal fee via a Cheque made out to the principal of the school. These refunds take time to be issued, but in an appeal made in September of one year, the refund was issued as late as March in the following year.

Drop-outs

Although school attendance in Ireland is very high, some students drop out of the education system after completion of the Junior Certificate. Those who stay in the education system sit the Leaving Certificate – the requirement for college entry in Ireland. A new type of Leaving Certificate, the Leaving Certificate Applied has been designed to discourage people from dropping out. This is all practical work and students may work after school or do an apprenticeship, respectively.

The vast majority of students continue from lower level to senior level, with only 12.3% leaving after the Junior Certificate. This is lower than the EU average of 15.2%.[18]

Transition year
Main article: Transition Year

Transition Year (TY) (Irish: Idirbhlian) is an optional one-year programme that can be taken in the year after the Junior Certificate in Ireland and is intended to make the senior cycle a three-year programme encompassing both Transition Year and Leaving Certificate.[19] Transition Year was created as a result of the Programme for Economic and Social Progress which called for a six-year cycle of post-primary education.[20]

Discontinuation

In late 2009 the Irish Government considered for a short period of time to completely scrap all Junior Cert examinations permanently. The move was met with criticism and outrage from the Teachers' Union (ASTI), but the Government said that scrapping the annual examinations and replacing them with continuous assessment would save the country €30 million.

However, later on, the government agreed to not scrap the Junior Certificate and instead, introduce a brand new syllabus in English for students starting First Year of secondary school in September 2014, with only 90% of the test going for a written exam. The other 10% is an assessment task taken during third year. This is a reflection of the learning from the second Classroom-based Assessment (CBA). The first CBA takes place at the end of 2nd Year, which is an oral presentation. Students have 3 weeks to choose a topic and have to present it. The second CBA takes place at Christmas of 3rd Year. It is called the Collection of Texts in which a student will choose 4 written pieces throughout the 3 years from 4 different genres and will re-draft them. The CBA are graded using word descriptors and appear alongside the find grade on the Junior Cycle Profile of Achievement. The final written exam at higher and ordinary levels now only consists of a two-hour paper.

Pilots of the new system have been underway for three years, with the principal of St Joseph’s College, Lucan, in particular noting that the "engagement in learning" proved to be a panacea for the school's discipline problems.[21]

Schools started the new course September 2014, as soon as the Junior Certificate Examinations were abolished with the aim of a soft transition. English was reformed in 2014, Science and Business were reformed in 2016 and Irish, Mathematics and French were reformed in 2017. History and Geography will be reformed in 2019. It is expected that the full Junior Cert will be revised into the Junior Cycle Student Award by 2022.

On 15 January 2014, the Department of Education and Skills announced that the new name for the Junior Certificate will be called the "Junior Cycle Student Award".[22]

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See also

References

Sources
  • Committee on the form and function of the intermediate certificate examination (1975). The I.C.E. report (PDF). Government publications. Prl.4429. Dublin: Stationery Office.

Citations
  1. "https://www.examinations.ie/misc-doc/BI-ST-7382777.pdf" (PDF). Retrieved 8 June 2016. External link in |title= (help)
  2. "Junior Certificate". Retrieved 8 June 2016.
  3. Definitions, Rules and Programme for Secondary Education, Department of Education, Ireland, 2004
  4. The Junior Certificate Examination, Rules and Programme for Secondary Schools, Department of Education, Ireland, 2004
  5. Circular M16/89, Department of Education, Ireland, 1989
  6. I.C.E. report §3.2
  7. https://curriculumonline.ie/getmedia/6c58c34b-e20a-4b56-afd5-40486d2af699/JCSEC20_music_guidelines_gaeilge.pdf
  8. ""Scrúdú Teastais na nGairmchúrsaí Lae" | téarma.ie".
  9. I.C.E. report §5.1
  10. "Written Answers. - Second Level School Examinations". Dáil Éireann Debates. 25 March 1987. Vol.371 No.3 p.32 cc448–451. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
  11. "More taking honours maths in Junior Cert". Retrieved 8 June 2016.
  12. Rule 31(1), Rules and Programme for Secondary Schools, Department of Education and Science, Ireland, 2004.
  13. Monday 17 May 2004, Student's exams go as sound as a bell, Irish Independent
  14. "http://www.jmb.ie/images/pdf/Circulars/J_Cert_L_Cert/cl0061_2014.pdf" (PDF). Retrieved 8 June 2016. External link in |title= (help)
  15. "Junior Cert business studies: Fair papers on an outdated syllabus". Retrieved 8 June 2016.
  16. Rule 29, Rules and Programme for Secondary Schools, Department of Education and Science, Ireland, 2004
  17. "Candidates - State Examination Commission". www.examinations.ie.
  18. "http://www.cso.ie/releasespublications/documents/other_releases/2007/progress2007/measuringirelandsprogress.pdf" (PDF). Retrieved 8 June 2016. External link in |title= (help)
  19. Circular M31/93, Department of Education, Ireland, 1993
  20. Programme for Economic and Social Progress, Government of Ireland, Dublin, 1991
  21. "Assessing the Junior Cycle". Retrieved 8 June 2016.
  22. "Junior Cert gets new name under reform plans". Retrieved 8 June 2016.
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