John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset

John Beaufort, 1st Marquess of Somerset and 1st Marquess of Dorset, later only 1st Earl of Somerset, KG (c. 1371 – 16 March 1410) was an English nobleman and politician. He was the first of the four illegitimate children of John of Gaunt (1340-1399) (third surviving son of King Edward III) by his mistress Katherine Swynford, whom he later married in 1396. Beaufort's surname (properly de Beaufort, "from Beaufort") probably reflects his birthplace[1] at his father's castle and manor of Beaufort ("beautiful stronghold") in Champagne, France.[3][4][5] The Portcullis heraldic badge of the Beauforts, now the emblem of the House of Commons, is believed to have been based on that of the castle of Beaufort, now demolished.[6]

Not to be confused with John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset.

John Beaufort
Earl of Somerset
Drawing of an alabaster tomb effigy of John Beaufort, wearing a Collar of SS and plate armour, Canterbury Cathedral
Bornc. 1371
Died16 March 1410 (aged c. 39)
Hospital of St Katharine's by the Tower, London
Burial
St Michael's Chapel, Canterbury Cathedral
SpouseMargaret Holland
Issue
Detail
HouseBeaufort
FatherJohn of Gaunt
MotherKatherine Swynford
map showing location of the Castle of Beaufort in the Champagne region of France, probable birthplace of John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset[1]
Flat countryside surrounding the site of the now demolished Beaufort Castle, Champagne
Heraldic badge of the House of Beaufort: A portcullis chained or, believed[1] to represent the portcullis defending the gate of Castle Beaufort in Champagne, birthplace of John Beaufort 1st Earl of Somerset. Today it continues to be used as the badge of two officers of the College of Arms in London, namely the Somerset Herald and the Portcullis Pursuivant, is the symbol of the British House of Commons and has appeared on several British coins[2]

The Beaufort children were declared legitimate twice by parliament during the reign of King Richard II of England, in 1390 and 1397,[7] as well as by Pope Boniface IX in September 1396.[8] Even though they were the grandchildren of Edward III and next in the line of succession after their father's legitimate children by his first two wives, the Beauforts were barred from succession to the throne by their half-brother Henry IV.[9]

Early life
Early arms of John Beaufort with a bend dexter

Between May and September 1390, Beaufort saw military service in North Africa in the Barbary Crusade led by Louis II, Duke of Bourbon.[8] In 1394, he was in Lithuania serving with the Teutonic Knights.[10]

John was created Earl of Somerset on 10 February 1397,[8][11] just a few days after the legitimation of the Beaufort children was recognized by Parliament. The same month, he was also appointed Admiral of the Irish fleet, as well as Constable of Dover Castle and Warden of the Cinque Ports.[12] In May, his admiralty was extended to include the northern fleet. That summer, the new earl became one of the noblemen who helped Richard II free himself from the power of the Lords Appellant. As a reward, he was created Marquess of Somerset and Marquess of Dorset on 29 September, and sometime later that year he was made a Knight of the Garter and appointed Lieutenant of Aquitaine.[8] In addition, two days before his elevation as a Marquess he married the king's niece, Margaret Holland, sister of Thomas Holland, 1st Duke of Surrey, another of the counter-appellants.[8] John remained in the king's favour even after his older half-brother Henry Bolingbroke (later Henry IV) was banished from England in 1398.

Later career
Arms of Beaufort family, Earls and Dukes of Somerset: Quarterly, 1st & 4th: Azure, three fleurs de lis or (France); 2nd & 3rd: Gules, three lions passant guardant in pale or (England); all within a bordure compony argent and azure[13]

After Richard II was deposed by Henry Bolingbroke in 1399, the new king rescinded the titles that had been given to the counter-appellants, and thus John Beaufort became merely Earl of Somerset again. Nevertheless, he proved loyal to his half-brother's reign, serving in various military commands and on some important diplomatic missions. It was Beaufort who was given the confiscated estates of the Welsh rebel leader Owain Glyndŵr in 1400, although he would not have been able to take possession of these estates unless he had lived until after 1415. In 1404, he was named Constable of England.

Family

John Beaufort and his wife Margaret Holland, the daughter of Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent and Alice FitzAlan, had six children. His granddaughter Lady Margaret Beaufort married Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond, the son of Dowager Queen Catherine of Valois by Owen Tudor.

Somerset died in the Hospital of St Katharine's by the Tower. He was buried in St Michael's Chapel in Canterbury Cathedral.

His children included the following:

Appointments

Arms

As a legitimised grandson of King Edward III, Beaufort bore that king's royal arms, differenced by a bordure gobony argent and azure.[14]

  • Beaufort arms (ancient): Royal arms of King Edward III within a bordure compony argent and azure
  • Beaufort arms (modern): Royal arms of England (France modern) within a bordure compony argent and azure

Arms of Beaufort, legitimised progeny of John of Gaunt, 3rd surviving son of King Edward III: Royal arms of King Edward III within a bordure compony argent and azure (see Royal arms of England). The arms were updated when the Kings of England adopted France modern, having been adopted by the King of France in 1376. Charles, an illegitimate son of Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset (1436–1464), took the surname "Somerset" together with the Beaufort arms and was created Baron Herbert (1461) and Earl of Worcester (1513). In 1682 his descendant Henry Somerset, 3rd Marquess of Worcester (1629–1700), was created Duke of Beaufort. These arms are thus used by Beaufort, Duke of Somerset (extinct) and Somerset, Duke of Beaufort (extant).

Ancestry

Notes
  1. Willement, Thomas, Heraldic Notices of Canterbury Cathedral; with Genealogical and Topographical Notes, London, 1827, p.3, note (e).
  2. The Beaufort Portcullis was shown on the reverse of British pennies minted between 1971 and 2008
  3. Pollard, A. (1901). "Beaufort, John, first Earl of Somerset and Marquis of Dorset and of Somerset (1373?–1410)" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography (1st supplement). 1. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
  4. Armitage-Smith 196-199
  5. Lundy, Darryl. "John de Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset". The Peerage.
  6. Willement
  7. Chris Skidmore, The Rise of the Tudors: The Family That Changed English History, (St.Martin's Press, 2013), 22.
  8. Michael K. Jones and Malcolm G. Underwood, The King's Mother: Lady Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby, (Cambridge University Press, 1995), 19-20.
  9. This prohibition was not specified in the original act of 1397, but appears in a 1407 confirmation by Henry IV (Pollard 158), making the ultimate legality of the addition uncertain. While this legal wrangling ultimately caused an enormous amount of bloodshed and destruction, it did result in one of the Beaufort descendants ascending the throne as Henry VII.
  10. G. E. C., ed. Geoffrey F. White. The Complete Peerage. (London: St. Chaterine Press, 1953) Vol. XII, Part 1, p. 40.
  11. Pollard 158
  12. Michael K. Jones and Malcolm G. Underwood, The King's Mother: Lady Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby, 23.
  13. Debtett's Peerage, 1968, p.125
  14. Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family
  15. Weir 2008, p. 87.
  16. Weir 2008, p. 92.
  17. Weir 2008, p. 232.
  18. Weir 2008, p. 89.
  19. Brown 2004.
  20. Weir 2008, p. 93.
  21. Weir 2007, p. 6.
  22. Marshall 2003, p. 50.
gollark: Being Python, which uses bignums by default, an optimized C implementation which did multiplication too might be faster.
gollark: ... okay.
gollark: > It is widely believed that the (computable) numbers √2, π, and e are normal, but a proof remains elusive.
gollark: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_number
gollark: It's not proven that they're equally distributed.

References
  • Armitage-Smith, Sydney. John of Gaunt, King of Castile and Leon, Duke of Lancaster, &c.. Constable, 1904.
  • Brown, M.H. (2004). "Joan [Joan Beaufort] (d. 1445)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/14646. Retrieved 21 November 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) (subscription required)
  • Harriss, G.L. (2004). "Beaufort, John, marquess of Dorset and marquess of Somerset". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online). doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/1861. Archived from the original on 7 February 2019.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Jones, Michael K, and Malcolm G. Underwood, The King's Mother: Lady Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby. Cambridge University Press, 1992. see especially pp. 17–22
  • Marshall, Rosalind (2003). Scottish Queens, 1034-1714. Tuckwell Press.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Weir, Alison (2008). Britain's Royal Families, The Complete Genealogy. London: Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-09-953973-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Political offices
Preceded by
The Duke of York		 Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports
1398–1399		 Succeeded by
Sir Thomas Erpynham
Peerage of England
New creation Earl of Somerset
1397–1410		 Succeeded by
Henry Beaufort
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