Katherine Swynford

Katherine Swynford
Katherine Swynford
	Duchess of Lancaster
	Katherine's tomb, the larger tomb, next to the tomb of her daughter, Joan Beaufort[1]
Born	Katherine de Roet; c. 1350
Died	10 May 1403 (aged 52–53)
Spouse	Hugh Swynford (m. after 1366, died) John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster (m. 1396; died 1399)
Issue	Blanche Swynford; Thomas Swynford; Margaret Swynford; John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset; Cardinal Henry Beaufort; Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter; Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmorland;
House	Lancaster (by marriage)
Father	Payne de Roet

Katherine Swynford, Duchess of Lancaster (born Katherine de Roet, c. 1350 – 10 May 1403), also spelled Katharine or Catherine,[2] was the third wife of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, a son of King Edward III. She had been the Duke's lover for many years before their marriage. The couple's children, born before the marriage, were later legitimised during the reign of the Duke's nephew, Richard II. When the Duke's son from his first marriage overthrew Richard, becoming Henry IV, he introduced a provision [citation needed] that neither they nor their descendants could ever claim the throne of England, however, the legitimacy for all rights was a parliamentary statute that Henry IV lacked the authority to amend.

Their descendants were members of the Beaufort family, which played a major role in the Wars of the Roses. Henry VII, who became King of England in 1485, derived his claim to the throne from his mother, Margaret Beaufort, who was a great-granddaughter of Gaunt and Swynford. His legal claim to the throne, therefore, was through a cognatic and previously illegitimate line. Henry's first action was to declare himself king "by right of conquest" retroactively from 21 August 1485, the day before his army defeated King Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth.[3]

Family

Swynford is generally held to have been the youngest child of Paon de Roet, a herald, and later knight, who was "probably christened as Gilles"[4] She had several siblings, including Isabel (also called Elizabeth) de Roet, and a brother, Walter. Isabel later became Noble canoness of Saint Waltrude Collegiate Church, Mons, c. 1366. Philippa Chaucer, wife of the poet Geoffrey Chaucer, is known to have been a sister of Swynford's.[5] It is known that Philippa was in the service of John of Gaunt's second wife Constance of Castile, before John's marriage to Katherine Swynford.[6]

Life

She was probably born in Hainaut in 1349 or 1350, however these are at best educated guesses. Her birth date may have been 25 November, as that is the feast day of her patron, St Catherine of Alexandria. [there is no contemporary information as to the year of Katherine's birth, or where she was born.]

In about 1366, at St Clement Danes Church, Westminster, Swynford, aged sixteen or seventeen, contracted an advantageous marriage with "Hugh" Ottes Swynford, a knight from the manor of Kettlethorpe in Lincolnshire, the son of Thomas Swynford by his marriage to Nicole Druel. She had the following children by him: Blanche (born 1 May 1367), Thomas (21 September 1368 – 1432), and possibly Margaret Swynford (born about 1369), later recorded as a nun of the prestigious Barking Abbey nominated by command of King Richard II.

Swynford became attached to the household of John of Gaunt as governess to his daughters Philippa of Lancaster and Elizabeth of Lancaster.[7] The ailing duchess Blanche had Swynford's daughter Blanche (her namesake) placed within her own daughters' chambers and afforded the same luxuries as her daughters; additionally, John of Gaunt stood as godfather to the child.

Some time after Blanche of Lancaster's death in 1368 (most likely in 1371–1372),[8] Swynford and John of Gaunt embarked upon a love affair that would produce four children out of wedlock, but who were subsequently legitimised by the Pope at the time of their parents' marriage; the adulterous relationship endured until 1381, when it was truncated out of political necessity[4] and ruined Swynford's reputation. On 13 January 1396, two years after the death of the Duke's second wife, Infanta Constance of Castile, Swynford and John of Gaunt were married at Lincoln Cathedral. Records of their marriage kept in the Tower and elsewhere list: 'John of Ghaunt, Duke of Lancaster, married Katharine daughter of Guyon King of Armes in the time of K. Edward the 3, and Geffrey Chaucer her sister'. On John of Gaunt's death, Swynford became known as dowager Duchess of Lancaster. She outlived him by four years, dying on 10 May 1403 in her early fifties.

Tomb

Katherine Swynford's tomb in 1809

Swynford's tomb and that of her daughter Joan Beaufort are under a carved-stone canopy in the sanctuary of Lincoln Cathedral. Joan's is the smaller of the two tombs; both were decorated with monumental brasses – full-length representations of them on the tops, and small shields bearing coats of arms around the sides and on the top – but those were damaged or destroyed in 1644 during the English Civil War. A hurried drawing by William Dugdale records their appearance.

Children and descendants

Swynford's children by Hugh Swynford were:

Margaret Swynford (born c. 1369), became a nun at the prestigious Barking Abbey in 1377 with help from her future stepfather John of Gaunt, where she lived the religious life with her cousin Elizabeth Chaucer, daughter of the famous Geoffrey Chaucer and Katherine's sister Philippa de Roet.[4]
Sir Thomas Swynford (1367–1432), born in Lincoln while his father Sir Hugh Swynford was away on a campaign with John of Gaunt in Castile fighting for Peter of Castile.[4][9]
Blanche Swynford, named after the Duchess of Lancaster and a godchild of John of Gaunt. (If, as suggested, she was born after 1375, this date is too late for her to have been fathered by Hugh Swynford, who died in 1371/2. However, since John of Gaunt obtained a dispensation for his marriage to Katherine for being Blanche Swynford's godfather, this theory can be discarded).[4]

In 1846 Thomas Stapleton suggested that there was a further daughter named Dorothy Swynford, born c. 1366, who married Thomas Thimelby of Poolham near Horncastle, Lincolnshire, Sheriff of Lincolnshire in 1380, but there is no current evidence to support this claim.[10]

Swynford's children by John of Gaunt were:

Coat of arms of Katherine Swynford as Duchess of Lancaster, after her marriage to John of Gaunt : three gold Catherine wheels ("roet" means "little wheel" in Old French) on a red field. The wheel emblem shows Katherine's devotion to her patron saint, Catherine of Alexandria, also known as Saint Catherine of the Wheel.[4]

John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset (1373–1410)
Henry, Cardinal Beaufort (1375–1447)
Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter (1377–1426)
Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmorland (1379–1440)

The descendants of Katherine Swynford and John of Gaunt are significant in English and Scottish history. Their four children had been given the surname "Beaufort" and with the approval of King Richard II and the Pope were legitimated as adults by their parents' marriage in 1396.[11] Despite this, the Beauforts were barred from inheriting the throne of England by a clause ('excepta dignitate regali') in the legitimation act inserted by their half-brother, Henry IV, although modern scholarship disputes the authority of a monarch to alter an existing parliamentary statute on his own authority, without the further approval of Parliament. This provision was later revoked by Edward VI, placing Swynford's descendants (including himself) back within the legitimate line of inheritance; the Tudor dynasty was directly descended from John Beaufort, great-grandfather of Henry VII, who based his claim to the throne on his mother's descent from John of Gaunt, a son of Edward III. John Beaufort also had a daughter named Joan, who married James I of Scotland and thus was an ancestress of the House of Stuart.[12] Swynford's daughter, Joan Beaufort, was grandmother of the English kings Edward IV and Richard III, the latter of whom Henry Tudor (thus becoming by conquest Henry VII) defeated at the Battle of Bosworth Field; Henry's claim was strengthened by marrying Elizabeth of York, eldest daughter of Edward IV. It was also through Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmoreland that the sixth queen of Henry VIII, Catherine Parr, descended.[13] John of Gaunt's son—Swynford's stepson Henry of Bolingbroke—became Henry IV after deposing Richard II (who was imprisoned and died in Pontefract Castle, where Swynford's son Thomas was constable and is said to have starved Richard to death for his step-brother). John of Gaunt's daughter by his first marriage to Blanche of Lancaster, Philippa of Lancaster, was great-great-grandmother to Catherine of Aragon, first wife of Henry VIII and mother of Mary I of England. John of Gaunt's child by his second wife Constance, Catherine (or Catalina), was great-grandmother of Catherine of Aragon as well.[14]

In literature

Katherine Swynford is the subject of numerous novels, including Anya Seton's Katherine, published in 1954. Swynford is also the subject of non-fiction work, such as Alison Weir's 2008 biography Katherine Swynford: The Story of John of Gaunt and his Scandalous Duchess (ISBN 0-224-06321-9) and Jeannette Lucraft's historical biography Katherine Swynford: The History of a Medieval Mistress. Lucraft's book seeks to establish Swynford as a powerful figure in the politics of 14th-century England and an example of a woman's ability to manipulate contemporary social mores for her own interests. A journal “The Katherine Wheel” is also available from “The Medieval World of Katherine Swynford Society”. This covers many aspects of both her, other prominent figures, and events of the time period.

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References

1640 drawing of the tombs of Katherine Swynford and her daughter Joan Beaufort in Lincoln Cathedral before the tombs were despoiled in 1644 by the Roundheads
Churchill, Winston S. 'The Houses of York and Lancaster', The Birth of Britain, p 435. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1956. Print.
Chrimes, S. B. (1972). Henry VII. The English Monarchs Series. University of California Press. p. 50. ISBN 9780520022669.
Weir, Alison (2007). Katherine Swynford: The story of John of Gaunt and his Scandalous Duchess. London: Jonathan Cape. ISBN 0-224-06321-9.
Gray, Douglas (2005). "Chaucer, Philippa - Oxford Reference". The Oxford Companion to Chaucer. ISBN 978-0-19-811765-0. Retrieved 8 June 2017.
Hudson, Anne (2005). "John of Gaunt - Oxford Reference". In Douglas Gray (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Chaucer. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-811765-0. Retrieved 8 June 2017.
Armitage-Smith, Sydney (1905). John of Gaunt: King of Castile and Leon, Duke of Aquitaine and Lancaster, Earl of Derby, Lincoln, and Leicester, Seneschal of England. Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 390–391.
Armitage-Smith, Sydney (1905). John of Gaunt: King of Castile and Leon, Duke of Aquitaine and Lancaster, Earl of Derby, Lincoln, and Leicester, Seneschal of England. Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 462.
Plea rolls of the Court of Common Pleas: National Archives; CP 40/629; http://aalt.law.uh.edu/H5/CP40no629/bCP40no629dorses/IMG_1228.htm; first entry, Thomas Swynford, knight, appearing with his wife, Margaret
Alison Weir, Katherine Swynford: The Story of John of Gaunt and his Scandalous Duchess (Random House Limited, Jonathan Cape, 2007), pp. 68–69
Armitage-Smith, Sydney (1905). John of Gaunt: King of Castile and Leon, Duke of Aquitaine and Lancaster, Earl of Derby, Lincoln, and Leicester, Seneschal of England. Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 391–392.
"About Katherine Swynford in Brief". Katherine Swynford Society. Retrieved 24 May 2010.
James, Susan. 'Catherine Parr: Henry VIII's Last Love.' 2009. pg 15.
Armitage-Smith, Sydney (1905). John of Gaunt: King of Castile and Leon, Duke of Aquitaine and Lancaster, Earl of Derby, Lincoln, and Leicester, Seneschal of England. Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 77.