John Adams (composer)

John Coolidge Adams (born February 15, 1947) is an American composer and conductor of classical music and opera, with strong roots in minimalism.[1][2][3]

This article is about the California-based composer. For the formerly Alaska-based composer, see John Luther Adams.

John Adams

Among over 60 major compositions are his breakthrough piece for string septet, Shaker Loops (1978),[4] his first significant large-scale orchestral work, Harmonielehre (1985),[5] the popular fanfare Short Ride in a Fast Machine (1986),[6] and On the Transmigration of Souls (2002),[7] a piece for orchestra and chorus commemorating the victims of the September 11, 2001 attacks, which won the Pulitzer Prize for Music in 2003. He has written several operas, notably Nixon in China (1987),[8] which recounts Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China; the controversial The Death of Klinghoffer (1991),[9] based on the hijacking of the passenger liner Achille Lauro by the Palestine Liberation Front in 1985 and the hijackers' murder of 69-year-old, wheelchair-bound, Jewish-American passenger Leon Klinghoffer; and Doctor Atomic (2005),[10] which covers Robert Oppenheimer, the Manhattan Project, and the building of the first atomic bomb.

In addition to the Pulitzer, Adams has received the Erasmus Prize, five Grammy Awards, the Harvard Arts Medal, France's Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, and six honorary doctorates.[11]

Life and career

Before 1977

John Adams, in full John Coolidge Adams, was born in Worcester, Massachusetts on February 15, 1947.[12] As an adolescent, he lived in Woodstock, Vermont for five years before moving to East Concord, New Hampshire.[13] In the third grade, Adams took up the clarinet, initially taking lessons from his father, Carl Adams, and later with Boston Symphony Orchestra bass clarinetist Felix Viscuglia, as well as playing in various local orchestras and concert bands while a student.[14] Adams began composing at the age of ten and first heard his music performed around the age of 13 or 14. He graduated from Concord High School in 1965.[15]

Adams next enrolled in Harvard University, where he earned a Bachelor of Arts in 1969 and a Master of Arts in 1971, studying composition under Leon Kirchner, Roger Sessions, Earl Kim, and David Del Tredici.[12] As an undergraduate, he conducted Harvard's student ensemble, the Bach Society Orchestra, for a year and a half.[16] He was also the first student there to be allowed to write a musical composition for his senior thesis.[17] The piece he wrote was The Electric Wake for "electric" (i.e. amplified) soprano accompanied by an ensemble of "electric" strings, keyboards, harp, and percussion.[18]

After graduating, Adams taught at the San Francisco Conservatory of Music from 1972 until 1982,[17] teaching classes and directing the school's New Music Ensemble. In the early 1970s, Adams wrote several pieces of electronic music for a homemade modular synthesizer he called the "Studebaker".[19] He also wrote American Standard, composed of three movements, a march, a hymn, and a jazz ballad, which was recorded and released on Obscure Records in 1975. Adams served as musical producer for a number of series for the PBS, including the award-winning series, The Adams Chronicles in 1976 and 1977.

1977 to Nixon in China

In 1977, Adams wrote the half-hour-long solo piano piece, Phrygian Gates, which he later called "my first mature composition, my official 'opus one',[20] as well as its much shorter companion piece, China Gates. The next year, he finished Shaker Loops, a string septet based on an earlier, unsuccessful string quartet called Wavemaker. In 1979, he finished his first orchestral work, Common Tones in Simple Time, which was premiered by the San Francisco Conservatory of Music Orchestra under Adams' baton.[21]

In 1979, Adams became the New Music Adviser for the San Francisco Symphony and created the symphony's New and Unusual Music concerts.[22] A commission from the symphony resulted in Adams' large, three-movement choral symphony Harmonium (1980–81) setting texts by John Donne and Emily Dickinson. He followed this up with the three-movement, orchestral piece (without strings), Grand Pianola Music (1982). That summer, he wrote the score for Matter of Heart, a documentary about psychoanalyst Carl Jung, a score he later derided as being "of stunning mediocrity".[23] In the winter of 1982–83, Adams worked on the purely-electronic score for Available Light, a dance choreographed by Lucinda Childs with sets by Frank Gehry. Without dance, the electronic piece alone is called Light Over Water.

Adams' first opera, Nixon in China, is about President Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China.

After an eighteen-month period of writer's block, Adams wrote his three-movement, orchestral piece Harmonielehre (1984–85), which he described as "a statement of belief in the power of tonality at a time when I was uncertain about its future."[24] As with many of Adams' pieces, it was inspired by a dream, in this case, a dream in which he was driving across the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge and saw an oil tanker on the surface of the water abruptly turn upright and take off like a Saturn V rocket.[25]

From 1985 to 1987, Adams composed his first opera, Nixon in China, with libretto by Alice Goodman, based on Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China. The opera marked the first collaboration between Adams and theatre director Peter Sellars, who had proposed it to Adams in 1983. Adams has subsequently worked with Sellars on all of his operas.

During this time, Adams also wrote The Chairman Dances (1985), which he described as an "'out-take' of Act III of Nixon in China", to fulfill a long-delayed commission for the Milwaukee Symphony.[26] He also wrote the short orchestral fanfare Short Ride in a Fast Machine (1986).

1988 to Doctor Atomic

Adams wrote two orchestral pieces in 1988: Fearful Symmetries, a 25-minute work in the same style as Nixon in China, and The Wound-Dresser, a setting of Walt Whitman's 1865 poem of the same title, written when Whitman was volunteering at a military hospital during the American Civil War. The Wound-Dresser is scored for baritone voice, two flutes (or two piccolos), two oboes, clarinet, bass clarinet, two bassoons, two horns, trumpet (or piccolo trumpet), timpani, synthesizer, and strings.

During this time, Adams established an international career as a conductor. From 1988 to 1990, he served as conductor and music advisor for the St Paul Chamber Orchestra.[27] He has also served as artistic director and conductor of the Ojai and Cabrillo Music Festivals in California.[27] He has conducted orchestras around the world, including the New York Philharmonic, the Chicago Symphony, the Cleveland Symphony, the Los Angeles Philharmonic, the London Symphony Orchestra, and the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra,[27] performing pieces by composers as diverse as Debussy, Copland, Stravinsky, Haydn, Reich, Zappa, and Wagner, as well as his own works.[28]

Adams has collaborated with theater director Peter Sellars on all of his operas.

He completed his second opera, The Death of Klinghoffer, in 1991, again working with librettist Alice Goodman and director Peter Sellars. The opera is based on the 1985 hijacking of the Italian cruise ship Achille Lauro by Palestinian terrorists and details the murder of passenger Leon Klinghoffer, a retired, physically disabled American Jew. The opera has generated controversy, including allegations that it is antisemitic and glorifies terrorism.

Adams' next piece, Chamber Symphony (1992), is for a 15-member chamber orchestra. Written in three movements, the work is inspired by an unlikely combination of sources: Arnold Schoenberg's Chamber Symphony No. 1, Op. 9 (which Adams was studying at the time) and the "hyperactive, insistently aggressive and acrobatic" music of the cartoons his young son was watching.[29]

The next year, he composed his Violin Concerto for American violinist Jorja Fleezanis. Lasting a little more than half an hour, this work is also in three movements: a "long extended rhapsody for the violin" is followed by a slow chaconne (titled "Body through which the dream flows", a phrase from a poem by Robert Haas), and the piece ends with an energetic toccare.[30] Adams received the Grawemeyer Award for Music Composition for his violin concerto.[31]

In 1995, he completed I Was Looking at the Ceiling and Then I Saw the Sky, a stage piece with libretto by poet June Jordan and staging by Peter Sellars. Inspired by musicals, Adams referred to the piece as a "songplay in two acts".[32] The main characters are seven young Americans from different social and ethnic backgrounds, all living in Los Angeles, with stories that take place around the 1994 Northridge earthquake.

Hallelujah Junction (1996) is a three-movement composition for two piano, which employs variations of a repeated two-note rhythm. The intervals between the notes remain the same through much of the piece. Adams used the same phrase for the title of his 2008 memoir.

Written to celebrate the millennium, El Niño (2000) is an "oratorio about birth in general and about the Nativity in specific."[33] The piece incorporates a wide range of texts, including biblical texts as well as poems by Hispanic poets like Rosario Castellanos, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, Gabriela Mistral, Vicente Huidobro, and Rubén Darío,

After the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center, the New York Philharmonic commissioned Adams to write a memorial piece for the victims of the attacks. The resulting piece, On the Transmigration of Souls, was premiered around the first anniversary of the attacks. On the Transmigration of Souls is scored for orchestra, chorus, and children's choir, accompanied by taped readings of the names of the victims mixed with the sounds of the city.[34] It won the 2003 Pulitzer Prize for Music[35] as well as the 2005 Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Composition.

Commissioned by the San Francisco Symphony,[36][37] Adams' orchestral piece My Father Knew Charles Ives (2003) is cast in three movements: "Concord", "The Lake", and "The Mountain". Though his father did not actually know American composer Charles Ives, Adams saw many similarities between the two men's lives and between their lives and his own, including their love of small-town New England life and their unfulfilled musical dreams.

Adams' third opera, Doctor Atomic, is about J. Robert Oppenheimer (shown above) and the development of the atomic bomb in 1945.

Written for the Los Angeles Philharmonic to celebrate the opening of Disney Hall in 2003, The Dharma at Big Sur (2003) is a two-movement work for solo electric six-string violin and orchestra. Adams wrote that with Dharma, he "wanted to compose a piece that embodied the feeling of being on the West Coast – literally standing on a precipice overlooking the geographic shelf with the ocean extending far out to the horizon…"[38] Inspired by the music of Lou Harrison,[39] the piece calls for some instruments (harp, piano, samplers) to use just intonation, a tuning system in which intervals sound pure, rather than equal temperament, the common Western tuning system in which all intervals except the octave are impure.

Adams' third opera, Doctor Atomic (2005), is about physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer, the Manhattan Project, and the creation and testing of the first atomic bomb. The libretto of Doctor Atomic, written by Peter Sellars, draws on original source material, including personal memoirs, recorded interviews, technical manuals of nuclear physics, declassified government documents, and the poetry of the Bhagavad Gita, John Donne, Charles Baudelaire, and Muriel Rukeyser. The opera takes place in June and July 1945, mainly over the last few hours before the first atomic bomb explodes at the test site in New Mexico. Characters include Oppenheimer and his wife Kitty, Edward Teller, General Leslie Groves, and Robert Wilson.

Two years later, Adams extracted music from the opera to create the three-movement Doctor Atomic Symphony.

After Doctor Atomic

Adams' next opera, A Flowering Tree (2006) with libretto by Adams and Sellars, is based on a folktale from the Kannada language of southern India as translated by A.K. Ramanujan about a young girl who discovers that she has the magic ability to transform into a flowering tree. The two-act opera was commissioned as part of the Vienna New Crowned Hope Festival to celebrate the 250th anniversary of Mozart's birth. As such, it has many parallels with Mozart’s The Magic Flute, including its themes of "magic, transformation and the dawning of moral awareness."[40]

Adams wrote three pieces for the St. Lawrence String Quartet: his First Quartet (2008), his concerto for string quartet and orchestra, Absolute Jest (2012), and his Second Quartet (2014). Both Absolute Jest and the Second Quartet are based on fragments from Beethoven, with Absolute Jest using music from his late quartets (specifically Opus 131, Opus 135 and the Große Fuge) and the Second Quartet drawing from Beethoven's Opus 110 and 111 piano sonatas.

From 2011 to 2013, Adams wrote his two-act Passion oratorio, The Gospel According to the Other Mary, a decade after his Nativity oratorio, El Niño. The work focuses on the final few weeks of the life of Jesus from the point of view of "the other Mary", Mary of Bethany (sometimes mis-identified as Mary Magdalene), her sister Martha, and her brother, Lazarus.[41][42] The libretto by Peter Sellars draws its texts from the Old Testament and New Testament of the Bible and from Rosario Castellanos, Rubén Darío, Dorothy Day, Louise Erdrich, Hildegard von Bingen, June Jordan, and Primo Levi.

Scheherazade.2 (2014) is a four-movement "dramatic symphony"[43] for violin and orchestra. Written for violinist Leila Josefowicz who frequently performed Adams' Violin Concerto and The Dharma at Big Sur, the work was inspired by the character Scheherazade (from One Thousand and One Nights) who, after being forced into marriage, recounts tales to her husband in order to delay her death. Adams associated modern examples of suffering and injustice towards women around the world, with acts in Tahrir Square during the Egyptian Revolution of 2011, Kabul, and comments from The Rush Limbaugh Show.[44][45][46]

Adams' most recent opera, Girls of the Golden West (2017), with a libretto by Sellars based on historical sources, is set in mining camps during the California Gold Rush of the 1850's. Sellars described the opera this way: "These true stories of the Forty-Niners [a name for people who took part in the 1849 Gold Rush] are overwhelming in their heroism, passion and cruelty, telling tales of racial conflicts, colorful and humorous exploits, political strife and struggles to build anew a life and to decide what it would mean to be American."[47]

Musical style

The music of Adams is usually categorized as minimalist or post-minimalist, although in an interview he said that his music is part of the 'post-style' era at the end of the twentieth century.[48] While Adams employs minimalist techniques, such as repeating patterns, he is not a strict follower of the movement. Adams was born ten years after Steve Reich and Philip Glass, and his writing is more developmental and directionalized, containing climaxes and other elements of Romanticism. Comparing Shaker Loops to the minimalist composer Terry Riley's piece In C, Adams remarked:

rather than set up small engines of motivic materials and let them run free in a kind of random play of counterpoint, I used the fabric of continually repeating cells to forge large architectonic shapes, creating a web of activity that, even within the course of a single movement, was more detailed, more varied, and knew both light and dark, serenity and turbulence.[49]

Many of Adams's ideas in composition are a reaction to the philosophy of serialism and its depictions of "the composer as scientist".[50] The Darmstadt school of twelve tone composition was dominant during the time that Adams was receiving his college education, and he compared class to a "mausoleum where we would sit and count tone-rows in Webern".[51]

Adams experienced a musical epiphany after reading John Cage's book Silence (1973), which he claimed "dropped into [his] psyche like a time bomb".[52] Cage posed fundamental questions about what music was, and regarded all types of sounds as viable sources of music. This perspective offered to Adams a liberating alternative to the rule-based techniques of serialism. At this point, Adams began to experiment with electronic music, and his experiences are reflected in the writing of Phrygian Gates (1977–78), in which the constant shifting between modules in Lydian mode and Phrygian mode refers to activating electronic gates rather than architectural ones. Adams explained that working with synthesizers caused a "diatonic conversion", a reversion to the belief that tonality was a force of nature.[53]

John Adams, Phrygian Gates, mm 21–40 (1977)

Some of Adams's compositions are an amalgamation of different styles. One example is Grand Pianola Music (1981–82), a humorous piece that purposely draws its content from musical cliches. In The Dharma at Big Sur, Adams draws from literary texts such as Jack Kerouac, Gary Snyder, and Henry Miller to illustrate the California landscape. Adams professes his love of other genres other than classical music; his parents were jazz musicians, and he has also listened to rock music, albeit only passively. Adams once claimed that originality wasn't an urgent concern for him the way it was necessary for the minimalists and compared his position to that of Gustav Mahler, J.S. Bach, and Johannes Brahms, who "were standing at the end of an era and were embracing all of the evolutions that occurred over the previous thirty to fifty years".[54]

Adams, like other minimalists of his time (e.g. Philip Glass), used a steady pulse that defines and controls the music. The pulse was best known from Terry Riley's early composition In C, and slowly more and more composers used it as a common practice. Jonathan Bernard highlighted this adoption by comparing Phrygian Gates, written in 1977, and Fearful Symmetries written eleven years later in 1988.[55]

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Adams started to add a new character to his music, which he called "the Trickster". The Trickster allowed Adams to use the repetitive style and rhythmic drive of minimalism, yet poke fun at it at the same time.[56] When Adams commented on his own characterization of particular minimalist music, he stated that he went joyriding on "those Great Prairies of non-event".[57]

Critical reception

Adams won the Pulitzer Prize for Music in 2003 for his 9/11 memorial piece, On the Transmigration of Souls.[35] Response to his output as a whole has been more divided, and Adams's works have been described as both brilliant and boring in reviews that stretch across both ends of the rating spectrum. Shaker Loops has been described as "hauntingly ethereal", while 1999's Naïve and Sentimental Music has been called "an exploration of a marvelously extended spinning melody".[58] The New York Times called 1996's Hallelujah Junction "a two-piano work played with appealingly sharp edges", and 2001's American Berserk "a short, volatile solo piano work".[59]

The most critically divisive pieces in Adams's collection are his historical operas. At first release, Nixon in China received mostly negative press feedback. Donal Henahan, writing in The New York Times, called the Houston Grand Opera world premiere of the work "worth a few giggles but hardly a strong candidate for the standard repertory" and "visually striking but coy and insubstantial".[60] James Wierzbicki for the St. Louis Post-Dispatch described Adams's score as the weak point in an otherwise well-staged performance, noting the music as "inappropriately placid", "cliché-ridden in the abstract" and "[trafficked] heavily in Adams's worn-out Minimalist clichés".[61] With time, however, the opera has come to be revered as a great and influential production. Robert Hugill for Music and Vision called the production "astonishing ... nearly twenty years after its premier",[62] while CityBeat's Tom McElfresh called Nixon's score "a character in the drama" and "too intricate, too detailed to qualify as minimalist".[63]

More recently, The New York Times writer Anthony Tommasini commended Adams for his work conducting the American Composers Orchestra. The concert, which took place in April 2007 at Carnegie Hall, was a celebratory performance of Adams's work on his sixtieth birthday. Tommasini called Adams a "skilled and dynamic conductor", and noted that the music "was gravely beautiful yet restless".[64]

Klinghoffer controversy
Main article: The Death of Klinghoffer

The opera The Death of Klinghoffer has been criticized as antisemitic by some, including by the Klinghoffer family. Leon Klinghoffer's daughters, Lisa and Ilsa, after attending the opera, released a statement saying: "We are outraged at the exploitation of our parents and the coldblooded murder of our father as the centerpiece of a production that appears to us to be anti-Semitic."[65] In response to these accusations of antisemitism, composer and Oberlin College professor Conrad Cummings wrote a letter to the editor defending Klinghoffer as "the closest analogue to the experience of Bach's audience attending his most demanding works", and noted that, as someone of half-Jewish heritage, he "found nothing anti-Semitic about the work".[66]

After the September 11 attacks in 2001, performances by the Boston Symphony Orchestra of excerpts from Klinghoffer were canceled. BSO managing director Mark Volpe remarked of the decision: "We originally programmed the choruses from John Adams' The Death of Klinghoffer because we believe in it as a work of art, and we still hold that conviction. ... [Tanglewood Festival Chorus members] explained that it was a purely human reason, and that it wasn't in the least bit a criticism of the work."[67] Adams and Klinghoffer librettist Alice Goodman criticized the decision,[68] and Adams rejected a request to substitute a performance of Harmonium, saying: "The reason that I asked them not to do 'Harmonium' was that I felt that 'Klinghoffer' is a serious and humane work, and it's also a work about which many people have made prejudicial judgments without even hearing it. I felt that if I said, 'OK, "Klinghoffer" is too hot to handle, do "Harmonium", that in a sense I would be agreeing with the judgment about 'Klinghoffer.'"[69] In response to an article by the San Francisco Chronicle's David Wiegand[70] denouncing the BSO decision, musicologist and critic Richard Taruskin accused the work of catering to "anti-American, anti-Semitic and anti-bourgeois" prejudices.[71]

A 2014 revival by the Metropolitan Opera reignited debate. Former New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani, who marched in protest against the production, wrote: "This work is both a distortion of history and helped, in some ways, to foster a three decade long feckless policy of creating a moral equivalency between the Palestinian Authority, a corrupt terrorist organization, and the state of Israel, a democracy ruled by law."[72] Current mayor Bill de Blasio criticized Giuliani's participation in the protests, and Oskar Eustis, the artistic director of the Public Theater, said in support of the production: "It is not only permissible for the Met to do this piece – it's required for the Met to do the piece. It is a powerful and important opera."[73] A week after watching a Met performance of the opera, Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg said "there was nothing anti-Semitic about the opera," and characterized the portrayal of the Klinghoffers as "very strong, very brave", and the terrorists as "bullies and irrational".[74]

List of works

Operas

Orchestral

Voice and orchestra

Chamber music
  • Piano Quintet (1970)
  • Shaker Loops (for string septet) (1978)
  • Chamber Symphony (1992)
  • John's Book of Alleged Dances (for string quartet) (1994)
  • Road Movies (for violin and piano) (1995)
  • Gnarly Buttons (for clarinet and chamber ensemble) (1996)
  • Son of Chamber Symphony (2007)
  • Fellow Traveler (for string quartet) (2007)
  • First Quartet (2008)
  • Second Quartet (2014)

Other ensemble works

Choir and orchestra

Tape and electronic compositions
  • Heavy Metal (1970)
  • Studebaker Love Music (1976)
  • Onyx (1976)
  • Light Over Water (1983)
  • Hoodoo Zephyr (1993)

Piano

Film scores

Orchestrations

Arrangements
  • Six Songs by Charles Ives (Ives' songs) (1989–93)

Awards and recognition

Major awards

Grammy awards
  • Best Contemporary Composition for Nixon in China (1989)[77]
  • Best Contemporary Composition for El Dorado (1998)[77]
  • Best Classical Album for On the Transmigration of Souls (2004)[77]
  • Best Orchestral Performance for On the Transmigration of Souls (2004)[77]
  • Best Classical Contemporary Composition for On the Transmigration of Souls (2004)[77]

Other awards

Memberships

Honorary Doctorates

Other
  • Creative Chair of the Los Angeles Philharmonic (2009–present)[88]

Personal life

Adams was married to Hawley Currens, a music teacher from 1970 to 1974.[89] He is married to photographer Deborah O'Grady, with whom he has a son and daughter. Adams' son is the composer Samuel Carl Adams.[90]

gollark: Immutability is a saner default, and `const` does not, as far as I know, work on, say, any data structure.
gollark: I also don't like that basically everything is mutable by default.
gollark: As much as I dislike Go, at least it appears to get this right.
gollark: It should be `int[10]* v` or something, so that the type information is ACTUALLY WITH THE TYPE.
gollark: That is total bees?

References

Notes
  1. "BBC Music - A minimal guide to minimalism". September 1, 2016. Retrieved August 12, 2018.
  2. "Minimalist music: where to start". Classic FM. Retrieved August 12, 2018.
  3. "John Adams | American composer and conductor". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved August 12, 2018.
  4. Service, Tom (September 4, 2012). "A guide to John Adams's music". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved October 15, 2019.
  5. Service, Tom (March 11, 2014). "Symphony guide: John Adams's Harmonielehre". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved October 15, 2019.
  6. Tsioulcas, Anastasia (March 27, 2012). "The Best Classical Album of 2012?". NPR. Retrieved October 15, 2019.
  7. Huizenga, Tom (September 10, 2011). "John Adams' Memory Space: 'On The Transmigration Of Souls'". NPR. Retrieved October 15, 2019.
  8. Guest (September 24, 2013). "ADAMS Nixon in China". Gramophone. Retrieved October 15, 2019.
  9. Cooper, Michael (October 20, 2014). "Protests Greet Metropolitan Opera's Premiere of 'Klinghoffer'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 15, 2019.
  10. Cooper, Michael (July 6, 2018). "Bringing 'Doctor Atomic' to the Birthplace of the Bomb". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 15, 2019.
  11. "John Adams: Biography". boosey.com. Retrieved October 15, 2019.
  12. Warrack and West, "Adams, John" The Oxford Dictionary of Opera, 782 pages, ISBN 0-19-869164-5 p. 4
  13. Adams 2008, pp. 9–11
  14. Adams 2008, pp. 14–21
  15. "Concord high school notables". Concord High School. Archived from the original on December 21, 2013. Retrieved December 17, 2013.
  16. Adams 2008, p. 38
  17. "John Adams | American composer and conductor". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
  18. Adams 2008, pp. 49–50
  19. Adams 2008, pp. 72–73
  20. Adams 2008, p. 88
  21. Adams, John. "Common Tones in Simple Time". Earbox - John Adams. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
  22. "John Adams". San Francisco Symphony. Archived from the original on February 6, 2008. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
  23. Adams 2008, p. 120
  24. Adams 2008, p. 129
  25. Adams, John. "Harmonielehre". John Adams. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
  26. Adams, John. "The Chairman Dances". John Adams. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
  27. Cahill, Sarah (2001). "Adams, John". Grove Music Online. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
  28. Adams 2008, p. 178
  29. Adams, John (June 1994). "Chamber Symphony". Earbox - John Adams. Retrieved June 7, 2020.
  30. Adams, John. "Violin Concerto, Leila Josefowicz". Earbox - John Adams. Retrieved July 14, 2020.
  31. "1995 – John Adams". Grawemeyer Awards. July 20, 1995. Retrieved July 13, 2020.
  32. Adams, John. "I Was Looking at the Ceiling and Then I Saw the Sky". Earbox - John Adams. Retrieved June 30, 2020.
  33. Adams 2008, p. 240
  34. Adams, John. "On the Transmigration of Souls". Earbox - John Adams. Retrieved July 9, 2020.
  35. "Music". Pulitzer.org. Retrieved September 22, 2014.
  36. Adams, John (2003). "My Father Knew Charles Ives". Boosey & Hawkes. Retrieved July 31, 2016.
  37. Kosman, Joshua (May 2, 2003). "Symphony premieres Adams' splendid 'Ives' / A funny and touching musical memoir". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved July 31, 2016.
  38. Adams 2008, pp. 233–4
  39. Adams 2008, pp. 234–5
  40. Adams, John. "A Flowering Tree". Earbox - John Adams. Retrieved July 19, 2020.
  41. "Composer's New Passion Unspooled" by Zachary Woolfe, The New York Times, June 1, 2012
  42. The Gospel According to the Other Mary, work details at Boosey & Hawkes
  43. Adams, John. "Scheherazade.2". Earbox - John Adams. Retrieved July 19, 2020.
  44. Anthony Tommasini (March 27, 2015). "Review: John Adams Unveils 'Scheherazade.2,' an Answer to Male Brutality". Retrieved April 4, 2015.
  45. Zoe Madonna (March 27, 2015). "Violinist Josefowicz Shines in a Modern Scheherazade". Retrieved April 4, 2015.
  46. Jay Nordlinger (March 26, 2015). "A Sick and Twisted Culture". Retrieved April 4, 2015.
  47. Cooper, Michael (June 14, 2016). "John Adams and Peter Sellars Again Joining Forces for New Opera". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 19, 2020.
  48. Fink, Robert (2004). Cook, Nicholas; Pople, Anthony (eds.). The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Music. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 539. ISBN 0-521-66256-7. OCLC 52381088.
  49. "John Adams on Harmonium". Earbox.xom. Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved September 22, 2014.
  50. Thomas May, pp. 7–10.
  51. Michael Broyles, Mavericks and other traditions in American music, Yale University Press, 2004; ISBN 0-300-10045-0, 978-0-300-10045-7 pp. 169–170
  52. K. Robert Schwarz, Minimalists, p. 175.
  53. Elliott Schwartz, Daniel Godfrey Music since 1945: issues, materials, and literature, Schirmer Books, 1993, pp. 336; ISBN 0-02-873040-2, 978-0-02-873040-0
  54. Schwarz, K. Robert (1996). Minimalists. Phaidon Press. p. 182. ISBN 0714833819. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
  55. Jonathan W. Bernard, "Minimalism, Postminimalism, and the Resurgence of Tonality in Recent American Music" Journal of American Music, Spring 2003, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 112–33.
  56. Stayton, Richard (June 16, 1991). "The Trickster of Modern Music : Composer John Adams Keeps Reinventing Himself, to Wilder and Wilder Applause". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 31, 2016.
  57. Heisinger, Brent. "American Minimalism in the 1980s." American Music. Winter 1989. Retrieved February 10, 2009.
  58. "Long Ride in a Stalled Machine". Thestandingroom.com. Retrieved September 22, 2014.
  59. Kozinn, Allan. "Beyond Minimalism: The Later Works of John Adams." The New York Times. March 23, 2005. Retrieved February 11, 2009.
  60. Henahan, Donal. "Opera: Nixon in China." The New York Times. October 24, 1987. Retrieved February 11, 2009.
  61. Wierzbicki, James. "John Adams: Nixon in China." Archived February 10, 2008, at the Wayback Machine St. Louis Post-Dispatch. December 6, 1992
  62. Hugill, Robert. "Ensemble: A Mythic Story: Nixon in China." Music & Vision. July 2, 2006.
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Sources
  • Adams, John (2008). Hallelujah Junction: Composing an American Life. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-23116-4. OCLC 961365919.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Broyles, Michael. Mavericks and Other Traditions in American music. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-300-10045-0
  • "John Adams" Butterworth, Neil, Dictionary of American Classical Composers. 2nd ed. New York and London: Rouledge, 2005. ISBN 0-415-93848-1
  • Daines, Matthew. "The Death of Klinghoffer by John Adams", American Music Vol. 16, No. 3 (Autumn 1998), pp. 356–358. [review]
  • Heisinger, Brent. "American Minimalism in the 1980s", American Music Vol. 7, No. 4 (Winter 1989), pp. 430–447.
  • May, Thomas (ed.). The John Adams Reader: Essential Writings on an American Composer. Pompton Plains, N.J.: Amadeus, 2006. ISBN 1-57467-132-4
  • Richardson, John. "John Adams: A Portrait and a Concert of American Music", American Music Vol. 23, No. 1 (Spring 2005), pp. 131–133. [review]
  • Rimer, J. Thomas. "Nixon in China by John Adams", American Music Vol. 12, No. 3 (Autumn 1994), pp. 338–341. [review]
  • Sanchez-Behar, Alexander. John Adams: A Research and Information Guide. New York, N.Y.: Routledge, 2020 ISBN 1-138-05580-8
  • Schwartz, Elliott, and Daniel Godfrey. Music Since 1945: Issues, Materials, and Literature. New York: Schirmer Books; Toronto: Maxwell Macmillan Canada; New York: Maxwell Macmillan International, 1993. ISBN 0-02-873040-2
  • Schwarz, K. Robert. "Process vs. Intuition in the Recent Works of Steve Reich and John Adams", American Music Vol. 8, No. 3 (Autumn 1990), pp. 245–273.
  • Schwarz, K. Robert. Minimalists. London: Phaidon Press Inc., 1996. ISBN 0-7148-3381-9. Reprinted 2008, ISBN 0-7148-4773-9
  • Warrack, John, and West, Ewan (1992), The Oxford Dictionary of Opera, 782 pages, ISBN 0-19-869164-5
  • 'Klinghoffer': An Opera and a Protest September 22, 2014

Further reading

Biographical

Specific operas

Interviews

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