Isotopes of meitnerium

Meitnerium (₁₀₉Mt) is a synthetic element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was ²⁶⁶Mt in 1982, and this is also the only isotope directly synthesized; all other isotopes are only known as decay products of heavier elements. There are eight known isotopes, from ²⁶⁶Mt to ²⁷⁸Mt. There may also be two isomers. The longest-lived of the known isotopes is ²⁷⁸Mt with a half-life of 8 seconds. The unconfirmed heavier ²⁸²Mt appears to have an even longer half-life of 67 seconds.

Main isotopes of meitnerium (₁₀₉Mt)

Iso­tope Decay abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct ^274Mt syn 0.4 s α ^270Bh ^276Mt syn 0.6 s α ^272Bh ^278Mt syn 4 s α ^274Bh ^282Mt[1] syn 67 s? α ^278Bh

List of isotopes

Nuclide [n 1]	Z	N	Isotopic mass (Da) [n 2][n 3]	Half-life	Decay mode	Daughter isotope	Spin and parity [n 4][n 5]
	Excitation energy
^266Mt	109	157	266.13737(33)#	1.2(4) ms	α	^262Bh
^268Mt[n 6]	109	159	268.13865(25)#	21(+8−5) ms	α	^264Bh	5+#, 6+#
^268mMt[n 7]	0+X keV			0.07(+10−3) s	α	^264Bh
^270Mt[n 8]	109	161	270.14033(18)#	0.57 s	α	^266Bh
^270mMt[n 7]				1.1 s?	α	^266Bh
^274Mt[n 9]	109	165	274.14725(38)#	0.45 s	α	^270Bh
^275Mt[n 10]	109	166	275.14882(50)#	9.7(+460−44) ms	α	^271Bh
^276Mt[n 11]	109	167	276.15159(59)#	0.72(+87-25) s	α	^272Bh
^277Mt[n 12]	109	168	277.15327(82)#	~5 ms[2][3]	SF	(various)
^278Mt[n 13]	109	169	278.15631(68)#	7.6 s[4]	α	^274Bh
^282Mt[n 14]	109	173		67 s?	α	^278Bh

1. ^mMt – Excited nuclear isomer.
2. ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
3. # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
4. ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
5. # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
6. Not directly synthesized, occurs as decay product of ²⁷²Rg
7. This isomer is unconfirmed
8. Not directly synthesized, occurs in decay chain of ²⁷⁸Nh
9. Not directly synthesized, occurs in decay chain of ²⁸²Nh
10. Not directly synthesized, occurs in decay chain of ²⁸⁷Mc
11. Not directly synthesized, occurs in decay chain of ²⁸⁸Mc
12. Not directly synthesized, occurs in decay chain of ²⁹³Ts
13. Not directly synthesized, occurs in decay chain of ²⁹⁴Ts
14. Not directly synthesized, occurs in decay chain of ²⁹⁰Fl and ²⁹⁴Lv; unconfirmed

Isotopes and nuclear properties

Nucleosynthesis

Super-heavy elements such as meitnerium are produced by bombarding lighter elements in particle accelerators that induce fusion reactions. Whereas the lightest isotope of meitnerium, meitnerium-266, can be synthesized directly this way, all the heavier meitnerium isotopes have only been observed as decay products of elements with higher atomic numbers.[5]

Depending on the energies involved, the former are separated into "hot" and "cold". In hot fusion reactions, very light, high-energy projectiles are accelerated toward very heavy targets (actinides), giving rise to compound nuclei at high excitation energy (~40–50 MeV) that may either fission or evaporate several (3 to 5) neutrons.[6] In cold fusion reactions, the produced fused nuclei have a relatively low excitation energy (~10–20 MeV), which decreases the probability that these products will undergo fission reactions. As the fused nuclei cool to the ground state, they require emission of only one or two neutrons, and thus, allows for the generation of more neutron-rich products.[5] Nevertheless, the products of hot fusion tend to still have more neutrons overall. The latter is a distinct concept from that of where nuclear fusion claimed to be achieved at room temperature conditions (see cold fusion).[7]

The table below contains various combinations of targets and projectiles which could be used to form compound nuclei with Z=109.

Target	Projectile	CN	Attempt result
^208Pb	^59Co	^267Mt	Successful reaction
^209Bi	^58Fe	^267Mt	Successful reaction
^227Ac	^48Ca	^275Mt	Reaction yet to be attempted
^238U	^37Cl	^275Mt	Failure to date
^244Pu	^31P	^275Mt	Reaction yet to be attempted
^248Cm	^27Al	^275Mt	Reaction yet to be attempted
^250Cm	^27Al	^277Mt	Reaction yet to be attempted
^249Bk	^26Mg	^275Mt	Reaction yet to be attempted
^254Es	^22Ne	^276Mt	Failure to date

Cold fusion

After the first successful synthesis of meitnerium in 1982 by the GSI team,[8] a team at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, also tried to observe the new element by bombarding bismuth-209 with iron-58. In 1985 they managed to identity alpha decays from the descendant isotope ²⁴⁶Cf indicating the formation of meitnerium. The observation of a further two atoms of ²⁶⁶Mt from the same reaction was reported in 1988 and of another 12 in 1997 by the German team at GSI.[9][10]

The same meitnerium isotope was also observed by the Russian team at Dubna in 1985 from the reaction:

²⁰⁸
₈₂Pb
+ ⁵⁹
₂₇Co
→ ²⁶⁶
₁₀₉Mt
+
n

by detecting the alpha decay of the descendant ²⁴⁶Cf nuclei. In 2007, an American team at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) confirmed the decay chain of the ²⁶⁶Mt isotope from this reaction.[11]

Hot fusion

In 2002–2003, the team at LBNL attempted to generate the isotope ²⁷¹Mt to study its chemical properties by bombarding uranium-238 with chlorine-37, but without success.[12] Another possible reaction that would form this isotope would be the fusion of berkelium-249 with magnesium-26; however, the yield for this reaction is expected to be very low due to the high radioactivity of the berkelium-249 target.[13] Other long-lived isotopes were unsuccessfully targeted by a team at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) in 1988 by bombarding einsteinium-254 with neon-22.[12]

Decay products

List of meitnerium isotopes observed by decay

Evaporation residue	Observed meitnerium isotope
^294Lv, ^290Fl, ^290Nh, ^286Rg ?	^282Mt ?
^294Ts, ^290Mc, ^286Nh, ^282Rg	^278Mt[14]
^293Ts, ^289Mc, ^285Nh, ^281Rg	^277Mt[2]
^288Mc, ^284Nh, ^280Rg	^276Mt[15]
^287Mc, ^283Nh, ^279Rg	^275Mt[15]
^282Nh, ^278Rg	^274Mt[15]
^278Nh, ^274Rg	^270Mt[16]
^272Rg	^268Mt[17]

All the isotopes of meitnerium except meitnerium-266 have been detected only in the decay chains of elements with a higher atomic number, such as roentgenium. Roentgenium currently has eight known isotopes; all but one of them undergo alpha decays to become meitnerium nuclei, with mass numbers between 268 and 282. Parent roentgenium nuclei can be themselves decay products of nihonium, flerovium, moscovium, livermorium, or tennessine. To date, no other elements have been known to decay to meitnerium.[18] For example, in January 2010, the Dubna team (JINR) identified meitnerium-278 as a product in the decay of tennessine via an alpha decay sequence:[14]

²⁹⁴
₁₁₇Ts
→ ²⁹⁰
₁₁₅Mc
+ ⁴
₂He

²⁹⁰
₁₁₅Mc
→ ²⁸⁶
₁₁₃Nh
+ ⁴
₂He

²⁸⁶
₁₁₃Nh
→ ²⁸²
₁₁₁Rg
+ ⁴
₂He

²⁸²
₁₁₁Rg
→ ²⁷⁸
₁₀₉Mt
+ ⁴
₂He

Nuclear isomerism

²⁷⁰Mt

Two atoms of ²⁷⁰Mt have been identified in the decay chains of ²⁷⁸Nh. The two decays have very different lifetimes and decay energies and are also produced from two apparently different isomers of ²⁷⁴Rg. The first isomer decays by emission of an alpha particle with energy 10.03 MeV and has a lifetime of 7.16 ms. The other alpha decays with a lifetime of 1.63 s; the decay energy was not measured. An assignment to specific levels is not possible with the limited data available and further research is required.[16]

²⁶⁸Mt

The alpha decay spectrum for ²⁶⁸Mt appears to be complicated from the results of several experiments. Alpha particles of energies 10.28, 10.22 and 10.10 MeV have been observed, emitted from ²⁶⁸Mt atoms with half-lives of 42 ms, 21 ms and 102 ms respectively. The long-lived decay must be assigned to an isomeric level. The discrepancy between the other two half-lives has yet to be resolved. An assignment to specific levels is not possible with the data available and further research is required.[17]

Chemical yields of isotopes

Cold fusion

The table below provides cross-sections and excitation energies for cold fusion reactions producing meitnerium isotopes directly. Data in bold represent maxima derived from excitation function measurements. + represents an observed exit channel.

Projectile	Target	CN	1n	2n	3n
^58Fe	^209Bi	^267Mt	7.5 pb
^59Co	^208Pb	^267Mt	2.6 pb, 14.9 MeV

Theoretical calculations

Evaporation residue cross sections

The below table contains various targets-projectile combinations for which calculations have provided estimates for cross section yields from various neutron evaporation channels. The channel with the highest expected yield is given.

DNS = Di-nuclear system; HIVAP = heavy-ion vaporisation statistical-evaporation model; σ = cross section

Target	Projectile	CN	Channel (product)	σmax	Model	Ref
^238U	^37Cl	^275Mt	3n (^272Mt)	13.31 pb	DNS	[19]
^244Pu	^31P	^275Mt	3n (^272Mt)	4.25 pb	DNS	[19]
^243Am	^30Si	^273Mt	3n (^270Mt)	22 pb	HIVAP	[20]
^243Am	^28Si	^271Mt	4n (^267Mt)	3 pb	HIVAP	[20]
^248Cm	^27Al	^275Mt	3n (^272Mt)	27.83 pb	DNS	[19]
^250Cm	^27Al	^275Mt	5n (^272Mt)	97.44 pb	DNS	[19]
^249Bk	^26Mg	^275Mt	4n (^271Mt)	9.5 pb	HIVAP	[20]
^254Es	^22Ne	^276Mt	4n (^272Mt)	8 pb	HIVAP	[20]
^254Es	^20Ne	^274Mt	4-5n (^270,269Mt)	3 pb	HIVAP	[20]

References

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2. Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; et al. (2013). "Experimental studies of the ²⁴⁹Bk + ⁴⁸Ca reaction including decay properties and excitation function for isotopes of element 117, and discovery of the new isotope ²⁷⁷Mt". Physical Review C. 87 (5): 054621. Bibcode:2013PhRvC..87e4621O. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.87.054621.
3. Krzysztof P. Rykaczewski (April 2012). "New results from DGFRS experiments performed using ⁴⁸Ca beams on ²⁴³Am, ²⁴⁹Bk and ²⁴⁹Cf targets" (PDF). U.S. Department of Energy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-07. Retrieved 2015-10-15. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
4. Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; et al. (2010). "Synthesis of a New Element with Atomic Number Z = 117". Physical Review Letters. 104 (14): 142502. Bibcode:2010PhRvL.104n2502O. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.142502. PMID 20481935.
5. Armbruster, Peter & Munzenberg, Gottfried (1989). "Creating superheavy elements". Scientific American. 34: 36–42.
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9. Münzenberg, G.; Hofmann, S.; Heßberger, F. P.; et al. (1988). "New results on element 109". Zeitschrift für Physik A. 330 (4): 435–436. Bibcode:1988ZPhyA.330..435M. doi:10.1007/BF01290131.
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11. Nelson, S. L.; Gregorich, K. E.; Dragojević, I.; et al. (2009). "Comparison of complementary reactions in the production of Mt". Physical Review C. 79 (2): 027605. Bibcode:2009PhRvC..79b7605N. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.79.027605.
12. Zielinski P. M. et al. (2003). "The search for ²⁷¹Mt via the reaction ²³⁸U + ³⁷Cl" Archived 2012-02-06 at the Wayback Machine, GSI Annual report. Retrieved on 2008-03-01
13. Haire, Richard G. (2006). "Transactinides and the future elements". In Morss; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 1-4020-3555-1.
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• Isotope masses from:
  • M. Wang; G. Audi; A. H. Wapstra; F. G. Kondev; M. MacCormick; X. Xu; et al. (2012). "The AME2012 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 36 (12): 1603–2014. Bibcode:2012ChPhC..36....3M. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/36/12/003.
  • Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
• Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
  • de Laeter, John Robert; Böhlke, John Karl; De Bièvre, Paul; Hidaka, Hiroshi; Peiser, H. Steffen; Rosman, Kevin J. R.; Taylor, Philip D. P. (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
  • Wieser, Michael E. (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051. Lay summary.
• Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
  • Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
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  • GSI (2011). "Superheavy Element Research at GSI" (PDF). GSI. Retrieved February 2013. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)