Isotopes of hafnium
Natural hafnium (72Hf) consists of five stable isotopes (176Hf, 177Hf, 178Hf, 179Hf, and 180Hf) and one very long-lived radioisotope, 174Hf, with a half-life of 2×1015 years. In addition, there are 30 other known radionuclides, the most stable of which is 182Hf with a half-life of 8.9×106 years. No other radioisotope has a half-life over 1.87 years. Most isotopes have half-lives under 1 minute. There are also 26 known nuclear isomers, the most stable of which is 178m2Hf with a half-life of 31 years.
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Standard atomic weight Ar, standard(Hf) |
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List of isotopes
Nuclide [n 1] |
Z | N | Isotopic mass (Da) [n 2][n 3] |
Half-life [n 4][n 5] |
Decay mode [n 6] |
Daughter isotope [n 7] |
Spin and parity [n 8][n 5] |
Natural abundance (mole fraction) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Excitation energy[n 5] | Normal proportion | Range of variation | |||||||
153Hf | 72 | 81 | 152.97069(54)# | 400# ms [>200 ns] | 1/2+# | ||||
153mHf | 750(100)# keV | 500# ms | 11/2−# | ||||||
154Hf | 72 | 82 | 153.96486(54)# | 2(1) s | β+ | 154Lu | 0+ | ||
α (rare) | 150Yb | ||||||||
155Hf | 72 | 83 | 154.96339(43)# | 890(120) ms | β+ | 155Lu | 7/2−# | ||
α (rare) | 151Yb | ||||||||
156Hf | 72 | 84 | 155.95936(22) | 23(1) ms | α (97%) | 152Yb | 0+ | ||
β+ (3%) | 156Lu | ||||||||
156mHf | 1959.0(10) keV | 480(40) µs | 8+ | ||||||
157Hf | 72 | 85 | 156.95840(21)# | 115(1) ms | α (86%) | 153Yb | 7/2− | ||
β+ (14%) | 157Lu | ||||||||
158Hf | 72 | 86 | 157.954799(19) | 2.84(7) s | β+ (55%) | 158Lu | 0+ | ||
α (45%) | 154Yb | ||||||||
159Hf | 72 | 87 | 158.953995(18) | 5.20(10) s | β+ (59%) | 159Lu | 7/2−# | ||
α (41%) | 155Yb | ||||||||
160Hf | 72 | 88 | 159.950684(12) | 13.6(2) s | β+ (99.3%) | 160Lu | 0+ | ||
α (.7%) | 156Yb | ||||||||
161Hf | 72 | 89 | 160.950275(24) | 18.2(5) s | β+ (99.7%) | 161Lu | 3/2−# | ||
α (.3%) | 157Yb | ||||||||
162Hf | 72 | 90 | 161.94721(1) | 39.4(9) s | β+ (99.99%) | 162Lu | 0+ | ||
α (.008%) | 158Yb | ||||||||
163Hf | 72 | 91 | 162.94709(3) | 40.0(6) s | β+ | 163Lu | 3/2−# | ||
α (10−4%) | 159Yb | ||||||||
164Hf | 72 | 92 | 163.944367(22) | 111(8) s | β+ | 164Lu | 0+ | ||
165Hf | 72 | 93 | 164.94457(3) | 76(4) s | β+ | 165Lu | (5/2−) | ||
166Hf | 72 | 94 | 165.94218(3) | 6.77(30) min | β+ | 166Lu | 0+ | ||
167Hf | 72 | 95 | 166.94260(3) | 2.05(5) min | β+ | 167Lu | (5/2)− | ||
168Hf | 72 | 96 | 167.94057(3) | 25.95(20) min | β+ | 168Lu | 0+ | ||
169Hf | 72 | 97 | 168.94126(3) | 3.24(4) min | β+ | 169Lu | (5/2)− | ||
170Hf | 72 | 98 | 169.93961(3) | 16.01(13) h | EC | 170Lu | 0+ | ||
171Hf | 72 | 99 | 170.94049(3) | 12.1(4) h | β+ | 171Lu | 7/2(+) | ||
171mHf | 21.93(9) keV | 29.5(9) s | IT | 171Hf | 1/2(−) | ||||
172Hf | 72 | 100 | 171.939448(26) | 1.87(3) y | EC | 172Lu | 0+ | ||
172mHf | 2005.58(11) keV | 163(3) ns | (8−) | ||||||
173Hf | 72 | 101 | 172.94051(3) | 23.6(1) h | β+ | 173Lu | 1/2− | ||
174Hf[n 9] | 72 | 102 | 173.940046(3) | 2.0(4)×1015 y | α | 170Yb | 0+ | 0.0016(1) | 0.001619–0.001621 |
174m1Hf | 1549.3 keV | 138(4) ns | (6+) | ||||||
174m2Hf | 1797.5(20) keV | 2.39(4) µs | (8−) | ||||||
174m3Hf | 3311.7 keV | 3.7(2) µs | (14+) | ||||||
175Hf | 72 | 103 | 174.941509(3) | 70(2) d | β+ | 175Lu | 5/2− | ||
176Hf[n 10] | 72 | 104 | 175.9414086(24) | Observationally Stable[n 11] | 0+ | 0.0526(7) | 0.05206–0.05271 | ||
177Hf | 72 | 105 | 176.9432207(23) | Observationally Stable[n 12] | 7/2− | 0.1860(9) | 0.18593–0.18606 | ||
177m1Hf | 1315.4504(8) keV | 1.09(5) s | 23/2+ | ||||||
177m2Hf | 1342.38(20) keV | 55.9(12) µs | (19/2−) | ||||||
177m3Hf | 2740.02(15) keV | 51.4(5) min | 37/2− | ||||||
178Hf | 72 | 106 | 177.9436988(23) | Observationally Stable[n 13] | 0+ | 0.2728(7) | 0.27278–0.27297 | ||
178m1Hf | 1147.423(5) keV | 4.0(2) s | 8− | ||||||
178m2Hf | 2445.69(11) keV | 31(1) y | 16+ | ||||||
178m3Hf | 2573.5(5) keV | 68(2) µs | (14−) | ||||||
179Hf | 72 | 107 | 178.9458161(23) | Observationally Stable[n 14] | 9/2+ | 0.1362(2) | 0.13619–0.1363 | ||
179m1Hf | 375.0367(25) keV | 18.67(4) s | 1/2− | ||||||
179m2Hf | 1105.84(19) keV | 25.05(25) d | 25/2− | ||||||
180Hf | 72 | 108 | 179.9465500(23) | Observationally Stable[n 15] | 0+ | 0.3508(16) | 0.35076–0.351 | ||
180m1Hf | 1141.48(4) keV | 5.47(4) h | 8− | ||||||
180m2Hf | 1374.15(4) keV | 0.57(2) µs | (4−) | ||||||
180m3Hf | 2425.8(10) keV | 15(5) µs | (10+) | ||||||
180m4Hf | 2486.3(9) keV | 10(1) µs | 12+ | ||||||
180m5Hf | 2538.3(12) keV | >10 µs | (14+) | ||||||
180m6Hf | 3599.3(18) keV | 90(10) µs | (18−) | ||||||
181Hf | 72 | 109 | 180.9491012(23) | 42.39(6) d | β− | 181Ta | 1/2− | ||
181m1Hf | 595(3) keV | 80(5) µs | (9/2+) | ||||||
181m2Hf | 1040(10) keV | ~100 µs | (17/2+) | ||||||
181m3Hf | 1738(10) keV | 1.5(5) ms | (27/2−) | ||||||
182Hf | 72 | 110 | 181.950554(7) | 8.90(9)×106 y | β− | 182Ta | 0+ | ||
182mHf | 1172.88(18) keV | 61.5(15) min | β− (58%) | 182Ta | 8− | ||||
IT (42%) | 182Hf | ||||||||
183Hf | 72 | 111 | 182.95353(3) | 1.067(17) h | β− | 183Ta | (3/2−) | ||
184Hf | 72 | 112 | 183.95545(4) | 4.12(5) h | β− | 184Ta | 0+ | ||
184mHf | 1272.4(4) keV | 48(10) s | β− | 184Ta | 8− | ||||
185Hf | 72 | 113 | 184.95882(21)# | 3.5(6) min | β− | 185Ta | 3/2−# | ||
186Hf | 72 | 114 | 185.96089(32)# | 2.6(12) min | β− | 186Ta | 0+ | ||
187Hf | 72 | 115 | 186.96459(43)# | 30# s [>300 ns] | |||||
188Hf | 72 | 116 | 187.96685(54)# | 20# s [>300 ns] | 0+ |
- mHf – Excited nuclear isomer.
- ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
- # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
- Bold half-life – nearly stable, half-life longer than age of universe.
- # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
-
Modes of decay:
EC: Electron capture IT: Isomeric transition - Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
- ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
- primordial radionuclide
- Used in lutetium-hafnium dating
- Believed to undergo α decay to 172Yb
- Believed to undergo α decay to 173Yb
- Believed to undergo α decay to 174Yb
- Believed to undergo α decay to 175Yb
- Believed to undergo α decay to 176Yb
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References
- Meija, Juris; et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.
- Isotope masses from:
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- de Laeter, John Robert; Böhlke, John Karl; De Bièvre, Paul; Hidaka, Hiroshi; Peiser, H. Steffen; Rosman, Kevin J. R.; Taylor, Philip D. P. (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
- Wieser, Michael E. (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051. Lay summary.
- Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.
- Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.
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