Inuttitut

Inuttitut,[2] or Inuttut[3] is a Canadian dialect of Inuktitut. It is spoken across northern Labrador by Inuit people, whose traditional lands are known as Nunatsiavut.

Inuttitut
Labrador Inuktitut
Native to	Canada
Language family	Eskimo–Aleut Eskimo Inuit Inuktitut Inuttitut
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	labr1244[1]
Inuit dialects. Nunatsiavummiut is the pink (    ) in the east.

The language has a distinct writing system, created by German missionaries from the Moravian Church in Greenland in the 1760s. This separate writing tradition, the remoteness of Nunatsiavut from other Inuit communities, and its unique history of cultural contacts have made it into a distinct dialect with a separate literary tradition.

It shares features, including Schneider's Law, the reduction of alternate sequences of consonant clusters by simplification, with some Inuit dialects spoken in Quebec. It is differentiated by the tendency to neutralize velars and uvulars, i.e. /ɡ/ ~ /r/, and /k/ ~ /q/ in word final and pre-consonantal positions, as well as by the assimilation of consonants in clusters, compared to other dialects. Morphological systems (~juk/~vuk) and syntactic patterns (e.g. the ergative) have similarly diverged. Nor are the Labrador dialects uniform: there are separate variants traceable to a number of regions, e.g. Rigolet, Nain, Hebron, etc.

Although Nunatsiavut claims over 4,000 inhabitants of Inuit descent, only 550 reported any Inuit language to be their mother tongue in the 2001 census, mostly in the town of Nain. Inuttitut is seriously endangered.

Alphabet

Nunatsiavut uses a Latin alphabet devised by German-speaking Moravian missionaries, which includes the letter ĸ (kra, often also written with an uppercase K). In 1980, the Labrador Inuit Standardized Writing System was developed during a meeting with elders and educators to provide consistency and clarity.[4] The previous orthography used ⟨o⟩ to represent /u/ before uvulars, however the Labrador Inuttitut no longer has a distinct /q/ at the end of syllables. In the new orthography, o represents /uu/.[5]

Capital letters
Â	A	E	F	G	H	I	J	K	K	L	M	N	O	P	R	S	T	U	V	W
Lowercase letters
â	a	e	f	g	h	i	j	k	ĸ	l	m	n	o	p	r	s	t	u	v	w

The main difference with the Latin orthography used for other Inuktitut dialects are the following letters:[5]

• /aː/ â = aa
• /iː/ e = ii
• /uː/ o = uu
• /χ/ ĸ = q
• /ŋŋ/ ng, n̲g̲ or ngng = nng

Dialects

At one time, there existed two dialects of the Inuttut language. The Inuit that reside south of the Davis Inlet in what is now known as Nunatuĸavut once spoke a divergent dialect known as "Nunatuĸavummiutut", indicated by differences in toponymy.[6] However, due to heavy European immigration into Nunatuĸavut, this dialect has since become extinct.[6]

The Nunatsiavummiut dialect has survived due to the isolation of the Inuit who reside north of the Davis inlet. There exist two sub-dialects of Inuttitut, the northern dialect (spoken mainly in Nain) and the southern dialect (spoken only by a few elders in Rigolet).[7] They differ only in phonology.

Vocabulary comparison

The comparison of some animal names in the two dialects of Inuktitut:

Inuktitut[8]	Inuttitut[9]	meaning
siksik ᓯᒃᓯᒃ	sitsik	ground squirrel
qugjuk ᖃᒡᔪᒃ	ĸutjuk	tundra swan
aarluk ᐋᕐᓗᒃ	âlluk	killer whale
amaruq ᐊᒪᕈᖅ	amaguk	gray wolf
isunngaq ᐃᓱᙵᖅ	isungak	pomarine jaeger
kanguq ᑲᖑᖅ	kangak	snow goose
tuktu ᑐᒃᑐ	tuttuk	caribou
tiriganniaq ᑎᕆᒐᓐᓂᐊᖅ	tigiganniak	arctic fox
umingmak ᐅᒥᖕᒪᒃ	umimmak	muskox

German loanwords

The German loanwords[9] used in Inuttitut date from the period of the German missionaries of Moravian Church (1760s).

• ailvat (< Ger. elf) 'eleven'
• ainsik (< Ger. eins) 'one o'clock'
• fiarâ (< Ger. vier) 'four o'clock'
• Fraitâg ( < Ger. Freitag) 'Friday'
• kâttopalak (< Ger. Kartoffel) 'potato'
• Metvog (< Ger. Mittwoch) 'Wednesday'
• Montâg (< Ger. Montag) 'Monday'
• naina (< Ger. neun) 'nine'
• sâksit (< Ger. sechs) 'six'
• senat (< Ger. zehn) 'ten'
• sepat (< Ger. sieben) 'seven'
• silipa (< Ger. Silber) 'coin'
• situnati (< Ger. Stunde) 'hour'
• Sontâg (< Ger. Sonntag) 'Sunday'
• Sunâpint (< Ger. Sonnabend) 'Saturday'
• suvai (< Ger. zwei) 'two'
• suvailva (< Ger. zwölf) 'twelve'
• tarai (< Ger. drei) 'three'
• taraitijik (< Ger. dreißig) '30 odd 30 rifle and ammunition'
• Tenistâg (< Ger. Dienstag) 'Tuesday'
• Tonistâg (< Ger. Donnerstag) 'Thursday'
• viaga (< Ger. vier) 'four'
• vogik (< Ger. Woche) 'week'

References

1. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "North Labrador Eskimo". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
2. Labrador Inuit
3. Labrador Inuttut Dictionary
4. "Inuttitut (Labrador)". Canadian Bible Society.
5. Andersen, Catharyn; Johns, Alana (2005). "Labrador Inuttitut: Speaking into the future". Études/Inuit/Studies. 29 (1–2). pp. 187–205.
6. "Unveiling NunatuKavut". Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency, 2010. Web. Accessed January 26th 2012.
7. http://www.languagegeek.com/inu/inuktitut.html
8. Inuktitut Living Dictionary
9. http://www.labradorvirtualmuseum.ca/english-inuttut.htm

Further reading

• Smith, L. R., and Sam Metcalfe. Labrador Inuttut – English Glossary. [St. John's]: Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1970.