Impresario

An impresario (from the Italian impresa, "an enterprise or undertaking")[1] is a person who organizes and often finances concerts, plays, or operas, performing a role in stage arts that is similar to that of a film or television producer.

Not to be confused with Empresario.

The term originated in the social and economic world of Italian opera, in which from the mid-18th century to the 1830s, the impresario was the key figure in the organization of a lyric season.[2] The owners of the theatre, usually amateurs from the nobility, charged the impresario with hiring a composer (until the 1850s operas were expected to be new) and the orchestra, singers, costumes and sets, all while assuming considerable financial risk. In 1786 Mozart satirized the stress and emotional mayhem in a single-act farce Der Schauspieldirektor (The Impresario). Antonio Vivaldi was unusual in acting as both impresario and composer; in 1714 he managed seasons at Teatro San Angelo in Venice, where his opera Orlando finto pazzo was followed by numerous others.

Alessandro Lanari (1787–1852), who began as the owner of a shop that produced costumes, eliminated the middleman in a series of successful seasons he produced for the Teatro La Pergola, in Florence, which presented the premieres of the first version of Verdi's Macbeth, two of Bellini's operas and five of Donizetti's, including Lucia di Lammermoor. Domenico Barbaia (1778–1841) began as a café waiter and made a fortune at La Scala, in Milan, where he was also in charge of the gambling operation and introduced roulette.

Duchess Elisabeth Sophie of Mecklenburg[3] was a harpsichordist who also presided over seventeenth-century North German court music as an impresario.

Modern use

The traditional term is still used in the entertainment industry to refer to a producer of concerts, tours and other events in music, opera, theatre[4] and even rodeo.[5] Important modern impresarios in the traditional sense include Thomas Beecham, Rudolf Bing, Sergei Diaghilev, Richard D'Oyly Carte, Fortune Gallo, Sol Hurok, Andrew Lloyd Webber, Aaron Richmond, and jazz festival producer George Wein. Bill Graham, who produced music shows at The Fillmore Auditorium in San Francisco, was known as a rock music impresario.

While the term is not often used for women, a modern example of a female impresario would be Vivianne Westwood, who was largely responsible for bringing modern punk and new wave fashions into the mainstream.[6]

Application of term

The term is occasionally applied to others, such as independent art museum curators[7] and conference organizers[8] who have a leading role in orchestrating events.

Figurative impresarios

Jacques-Yves Cousteau said of himself that he was an impresario of scientists[9] as an explorer and filmmaker who worked with scientists in underwater exploration. Nicholas Wade described James D. Watson and E. O. Wilson in The New York Times as impresarios of Charles Darwin's works.[10]

gollark: "why yes, of course I'm going to use 100KB of JavaScript to reimplement native browser features but worse"
gollark: "hmm yes I will include this 1MB stock image for my 10KB of text making up this article"
gollark: To be fair, the modern web is awful.
gollark: I've directly imaged 99.7% of your neural pathways via inelastic X-ray scattering.
gollark: Incorrect.

See also

References
  1. New Oxford American Dictionary. Impresa: enterprise; deed; company. Mondadori's Pocket Italian–English English–Italian Dictionary. The term is sometimes misspelled impressario.
  2. Rosselli, John (1984). The Opera Industry in Italy from Cimarosa to Verdi: The Role of the Impresario. Cambridge University Press. This history is summarized here.
  3. Porter, Cecelia Hopkins (2012). Five Lives in Music : Women Performers, Composers, and Impresarios from the Baroque to the Present. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252037016.
  4. Thomas, Craig (13 July 2001). "Private Triumph". Asia Week.
  5. "Broadway Rodeo". Time. 18 October 1937.
  6. Bell-Price, Shannon (2010). "Vivienne Westwood (born 1941) and the Postmodern Legacy of Punk Style Source: Vivienne Westwood (born 1941) and the Postmodern Legacy of Punk Style". Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved March 7, 2017.
  7. "New Impresario for the Showcase". Time. 24 November 1967.
  8. Champion of Explication Through Design and Design Conference Impresario Richard Saul Wurman, 2004 AIGA Medalist.
  9. Jacques-Yves Cousteau Archived 2007-12-03 at the Wayback Machine on Bartleby.com
  10. Nicholas Wade (October 25, 2005). "Long-Ago Rivals Are Dual Impresarios of Darwin's Oeuvre". The New York Times.
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