Liniment

Liniment (from the Latin linere, to anoint), or embrocation, is a medicated topical preparation for application to the skin. Sometimes called a heat rub, liniments may be water-like in viscosity or formulated as a lotion or balm and are usually rubbed in to allow for penetration of the active ingredients. Patches, sticks, and sprays are also available.

Sloan's Liniment (at right) was once a popular over-the-counter drug store item.

Liniments are typically sold to relieve pain and stiffness, such as from sore muscular aches and strains, or arthritis. These are typically formulated from alcohol, acetone, or similar quickly evaporating solvents and contain counterirritant aromatic chemical compounds such as methyl salicilate, benzoin resin, menthol, or capsaicin. They produce a feeling of warmth within the muscle of the area they are applied to, typically acting as rubefacients via a counterirritant effect.

The methyl salicylate that is the active analgesic ingredient in some heat-rub products can be toxic if they are used in excess.[1] Heating pads are also not recommended for use with heat rubs, as the added warmth may cause overabsorption of the active ingredients.

Notable liniments

An old bottle of AA Hyde Mentholatum Ointment

• A.B.C. Liniment was used from approximately 1880 to 1935.[2][3] It was named for its three primary ingredients: aconite, belladonna, and chloroform.[2] There were numerous examples of poisoning from the mixture, resulting in at least one death.[4][5][6][7]
• Amrutanjan is an analgesic balm owned by Amrutanjan Healthcare.[8] It was founded in 1893 by journalist and freedom fighter, Kasinathuni Nageswara Rao.[9][10]
• Bengay, spelled Ben-Gay before 1995, was developed in France by Dr. Jules Bengué, and brought to America in 1898. It was originally produced by Pfizer Consumer Healthcare, which was acquired by Johnson & Johnson.
• IcyHot is a line of liniments produced and marketed by Chattem, now a subsidiary of Sanofi.[11]
• Mentholatum Ointment, branded Deep Heat outside of the US was introduced in December 1894 and is still produced today with numerous variations.[12]
• Minard's Liniment: Dr. Levi Minard of Nova Scotia, branded as "The King of Pain,"[13] created his well-known liniment from camphor, ammonia water, and medical turpentine.
• Nine oils: a 19th-century preparation used on both horses and humans. Although druggists' books sometimes specified recipes, street doctors often promoted any kind of oil as the "nine oils".[14][15]
• Opodeldoc: invented by the Renaissance physician Paracelsus.
• RUB A535: introduced in 1919 and manufactured by Church & Dwight in Canada.
• Tiger Balm was developed during the 1870s in Rangoon, Burma by herbalist Aw Chu Kin, and brought to market by his sons. It is composed of 16% menthol and 28% oil of wintergreen.[16]
• Watkins Liniment: One of Watkins Incorporated original products.

Use on horses

A 1914 advertisement for "Antiphlogistine"

Liniments are commonly used on horses following exercise, applied either by rubbing on full-strength, especially on the legs; or applied in a diluted form, usually added to a bucket of water and sponged on the body. They are used in hot weather to help cool down a horse after working, the alcohol cooling through rapid evaporation, and counterirritant oils dilating capillaries in the skin, increasing the amount of blood releasing heat from the body.[17]

Many horse liniment formulas in diluted form have been used on humans, though products for horses which contain DMSO are not suitable for human use, as DMSO carries the topical product into the bloodstream.[18] Horse liniment ingredients such as menthol, chloroxylenol, or iodine are also used in different formulas in products used by humans.[19]

Absorbine, a horse liniment product manufactured by W.F. Young, Inc., was reformulated for humans and marketed as Absorbine Jr.[20] The company also acquired other liniment brands including Bigeloil and RefreshMint.[21] The equine version of Absorbine is sometimes used by humans,[22] though its benefits in humans may be because the smell of menthol releases serotonin, or due to a placebo effect.[20]

Earl Sloan was a US entrepreneur who made his initial fortune selling his father's horse liniment formula beginning in the period following the Civil War. Sloan's liniment, with capsicum as a key ingredient, was also marketed for human use. He later sold his company to the predecessor of Warner–Lambert, which was purchased in 2000 by Pfizer.[23][24]

References

1. “Muscle Cream Caused NYC Teen's Death” Archived 2009-02-13 at the Wayback Machine, USA Today, retrieved April 2, 2012
2. Everybody's Family Doctor. London, UK: Odhams Press LTD. 1935. p. 7.
3. Cross, John (March 13, 1880). "Letters, Notes, and Answers to Correspondents". Br Med J. 1 (1002): 424–426. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.1002.424. PMC 2239646.
4. Sinha, R P.; Mitra, S K.; Roy, P K. (1967-03-16). "Liniment A.B.C. poisoning". Journal of the Indian Medical Association. 48 (6): 278–9. PMID 6038536.
5. Weir, Archibald (February 15, 1896). "Fatal Case Of Poisoning By A.B.C. Liniment". The British Medical Journal. 1 (1833): 399–400. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.435.399-a.
6. Fisher, O D. (November 1954). "Accidental Poisoning of Children in Belfast: A Report of two years' experience at the Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children". Ulster Med J. 23 (2): 124–131. PMC 2480209. PMID 20476409.
7. Swinscow, Douglas (February 1953). "Accidental Poisoning of Young Children". Arch Dis Child. 28 (137): 26–29. doi:10.1136/adc.28.137.26. PMC 1988641. PMID 13031693.
8. http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-marketing/amrutanjan-relaunches-pain-balm/article1641852.ece?ref=archive
9. http://www.business-standard.com/article/management/answers-to-last-week-s-quiz-329-113111000505_1.html
10. http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-marketing/amrutanjan-relaunches-pain-balm/article1641852.ece?ref=archive
11. "Icy Hot - Chempedia". 2 August 2008. Archived from the original on 2 August 2008. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
12. Springville Journal Staff. January 30, 2015 The Mentholatum Company thanks WNY residents for success Archived 2016-07-30 at the Wayback Machine
13. Beverly J. Freeman (1998), Levi Minard, M.D., King of Pain, B.J. Freeman
14. http://www.victorianlondon.org/publications3/toilers-19.htm
15. FRANCIS, George William (1853). The Dictionary of Practical Receipts; Containing the Arcana of Trade and Manufacture; Domestic Economy; Artistical, Ornamental&scientific Processes; Pharmaceutical and Chemical Preparations, Etc. (Third Edition.). J. Allen, D. Francis.
16. Tiger Balm: Heritage, archived from the original on 2009-08-31, retrieved 2009-09-30
17. "Liniments and Poultices for Sore Horses". www.horsechannel.com. Archived from the original on 4 October 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
18. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-07-16. Retrieved 2016-06-27.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
19. "Is Horse Liniment Safe for Humans?". reference.com. Archived from the original on 9 June 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
20. Millward, Robin (6 December 2010). "To all you neigh-sayers, this horse rub really does work". Archived from the original on 25 September 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2018 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
21. "Horse Muscle Care And Joint Care Products - Absorbine". Absorbine. Archived from the original on 17 November 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
22. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-07-02. Retrieved 2016-06-27.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
23. Society, Jim Hodges, Curator, New Bern Historical. "Historical Society Curator Reveals Early 20th Century Success Story". newbernsj.com. Archived from the original on 5 November 2016. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
24. "Warner Lambert. - Pfizer: One of the world's premier biopharmaceutical companies". www.pfizer.com. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2018.