Hyainailouridae

Hyainailouridae is a family of extinct predatory mammals belong to the Hyaenodonta, a clade of creodonts. Fossils have been found in Asia, Africa, and Europe.

Hyainailouridae
Temporal range: Late Paleocene–Middle Miocene
Hyainailurus, Megistotherium, and Dissopsalis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: †Creodonta
Clade: †Hyaenodonta
Family: †Hyainailouridae
Pilgrim, 1932
Genera

See text

Classification

Hyainailouridae used to be considered a subfamily of Hyaenodontidae, but cladistic study by Sole et al., (2013, 2015) treats it as a distinct family. Two subfamilies are recognized, Apterodontinae and Hyainailourinae.[1][2]

General characteristics

Hyainailourids are characterized by long skulls, slender jaws, slim bodies, and a plantigrade stance. They generally ranged in size from 30 to 140 cm at the shoulder. While some measured as much as 1.4 m high at the shoulder with head-body length up to 3.2 m and weighed up to 1,500 kg, most were in the 5–15 kg range, equivalent to a mid-sized dog. The anatomy of their skulls show that they had a particularly acute sense of smell, while their teeth were adapted for shearing, rather than crushing.

At least one hyainailourid lineage, Apterodontinae, was specialised for aquatic, otter-like habits.[3]

Range

They were important hypercarnivores in Eurasia and Africa during the Oligocene, but gradually declined, with almost the entire family becoming extinct by the close of the Oligocene. Only Megistotherium and several of its sister genera, including Hyainailouros and Sivapterodon, survived into the Miocene.[4] Traditionally this has been attributed to competition with carnivorans, but no formal examination of the correlation between the decline of hyaenodontids and the expansion of carnivorans has been recorded, and the latter may simply have moved into vacant niches after the extinction of hyaenodontid species.

Genera
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References
  1. Solé, Floréal; Lhuillier, Julie; Adaci, Mohammed; Bensalah, Mustapha; Mahboubi, M’hammed; Tabuce, Rodolphe (2013). "The hyaenodontidans from the Gour Lazib area (?Early Eocene, Algeria): implications concerning the systematics and the origin of the Hyainailourinae and Teratodontinae". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 12 (3): 303–322. doi:10.1080/14772019.2013.795196.
  2. Solé, Floréal; Amson, Eli; Borths, Matthew; Vidalenc, Dominique; Morlo, Michael; Bastl, Katharina (2015). "A New Large Hyainailourine from the Bartonian of Europe and Its Bearings on the Evolution and Ecology of Massive Hyaenodonts (Mammalia)". PLOS ONE. 10 (9): e0135698. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0135698. PMC 4580617. PMID 26398622.
  3. Laudet, V.; Grohé, C.; Morlo, M.; Chaimanee, Y.; Blondel, C.; Coster, P.; Valentin, X.; Salem, M.; Bilal, A. A.; Jaeger, J.-J.; Brunet, M. (2012-11-21). "New Apterodontinae (Hyaenodontida) from the Eocene Locality of Dur At-Talah (Libya): Systematic, Paleoecological and Phylogenetical Implications". PLoS ONE. 7 (11): e49054. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049054. PMC 3504055. PMID 23185292.
  4. Borths, M.R.; Stevens, N.J. (April 2019). "Simbakubwa kutokaafrika, gen. et sp. nov. (Hyainailourinae, Hyaenodonta, 'Creodonta,' Mammalia), a gigantic carnivore from the earliest Miocene of Kenya". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39: e1570222. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1570222.
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