Human billboard

A human billboard is someone who applies an advertisement on his or her person. Most commonly, this means holding or wearing a sign of some sort, but also may include wearing advertising as clothing or in extreme cases, having advertising tattooed on the body. Sign holders are known as human directionals in the advertising industry, or colloquially as sign walkers, sign wavers, sign twirlers or (in British territories) sandwich men. Frequently, they will spin or dance or wear costumes with the promotional sign in order to attract attention.

Two human billboards in Stockholm, one holding a placard and the other wearing a sandwich board.

History
An artistic depiction of human billboards in 19th century London, by George Scharf.

Human billboards have been used for centuries. In the 19th century London, the practice began when advertising posters became subject to a tax and competition for wall space became fierce. Prince Pückler-Muskau described the activity in 1820s London as such:

Formerly people were content to paste advertisements up; now they are ambulant. One man had a pasteboard hat, three times as high as other hats, on which is written in great letters, "Boots at twelve shillings a pair—warranted".[1]

Furthermore, besides holding signs, some human billboards would wear sandwich boards. Charles Dickens described these advertisers as "a piece of human flesh between two slices of paste board".[1] It was claimed in The Times in mid-1823 that such human billboards were a London invention—while a familiar sight in London, the "biped advertisement" was new in Paris at that time.

A man walks the Palais Royal and the most frequented streets in the neighbourhood, with one large placard covering the whole of his back, and another extending along the front part of his body down to his knees. It contains the announcement of a new coach between London and Paris. On the back he bears the French, and on his breast the English. The French have given this non-descript animal—this walking placard—the title of l'Homme-affiche, or biped advertisement.[2]

The banning of posters from private property in London in 1839 greatly increased the use of human billboards.[3] As the novelty of seeing humans carrying placards wore off, advertisers would come up with variations on the theme in order to catch the eye, such as having a "parade" of identical human billboards, or having the human billboards wear outrageous costumes.

Modern times
Complementary clothing advertisement and directional billboard
Human billboards advertising human billboards, in Melbourne, Australia

Human directionals are still widely used, especially in areas that have a lot of pedestrian traffic, but even in places that have a great deal of automobile traffic. For the latter, the signs will frequently be shaped like arrows in order to direct traffic to the location being advertised. Eye Shot, a Lake Forest, California company claims to have invented modern sign spinning using arrow-shaped signs.[4] The modern human directional employs a number of tricks to attract attention, such as spinning the sign on one finger, throwing it up in the air and spinning it, or even riding the sign like a horse. Another California company, AArrow Advertising, conducts "boot camps" to train its employees, and has also filed patent applications for a number of its "signature moves".[4]

However, the use of such attention-grabbing tricks has been criticized by city officials as being distracting to drivers, and as a result, a number of cities have banned sign twirling.[4][5] Some companies like Enlarge Media Group and Jet Media are able to offer human directionals as "sign walkers", a less distracting form of sign twirling.[6] Further restrictions on sign walkers in Arizona caused Jet Media Promotions, the state's largest supplier of human billboards, to sue the city of Scottsdale. The company's owner then successfully campaigned for legislation that made it illegal for cities in Arizona to ban such advertising.[7][8]

Demand for human directionals has significantly increased since the introduction of sign-twirling techniques. In temperate and warm locations, sign holders can be employed year-round and their effectiveness has been amply demonstrated. For example, during the month of October 2006, nearly 8% of the 3,600 people who visited model homes in a housing development in Moreno Valley, California were directed there by human directionals.[5] The Entertainment Factory in Florida provides human directionals to several successful businesses in Central Florida. Some use them as their sole form of advertising. Naturally, there are concerns that just as in 19th-century London, as human directionals become more and more commonplace, their effectiveness will be diminished.

In the U.S., independent tax preparers, and some tax-preparation chains, use sign wavers in costume, seasonally near the US personal income tax deadline of April 15. The costumes are usually of the Statue of Liberty or Uncle Sam.[9][10] This seems to be a recent, 21st-century trend and is becoming common and competitive.[11]

Sign wavers are also commonly used in the U.S. for Halloween stores, which are only temporary and relocate each year, and thus do not have permanent store signs, nor time to gradually build a customer base by word of mouth, or by being shown on web mapping services. These human billboards often wear a Halloween costume supplied by the store.

Clothing

Advertising on clothing has also long been used, with T-shirts being extremely popular. At first, T-shirts were used exclusively as undergarments, but as early as the 1930s, they were already used for advertising, with a 1939 The Wizard of Oz promotional shirt being a prized collector's item today.[12] The 1948 United States presidential campaign featured a T-shirt with "Dew It for Dewey", referring to candidate Thomas Dewey, which is now housed in the Smithsonian Institution. T-shirts have since been used to advertise all different kinds of products, services, and political messages.

The newest trend is to have moving pictures on clothing. The first instance of this was done at the 2003 Rugby World Cup, where "Telstra girls" wore T-shirts outfitted with a small television screen and a DVD player, called "TelePAKs".[13] This was duplicated in the United States in 2004 with "Adver-Wear" "T-Shirt TV®" (www.t-shirttv.com) that made its debut advertising the film I, Robot.[14]

Tattoos
Human Billboard advertising facebook page

In 1999, Vibe magazine predicted that companies in the next millennium would pay people to get tattoos advertising their brands.[15] In March 2001, American professional basketball player Rasheed Wallace rejected an offer from advertising firm Fifty Rubies Marketing to wear a tattoo advertising a candy company's product.[16][17][18][19] However, a month later, the cheerleaders for Lincoln Lightning's High Voltage Dance Team wore 2-inch by 4-inch temporary tattoos ("tadoos") that advertised local companies on their bare midriffs.[20][21] In September 2001, a prominent online casino paid boxer Bernard Hopkins US$100,000 to wear a temporary tattoo on his back during his championship fight with Félix Trinidad,[22] making him the first athlete to wear a tattoo advertisement during a professional sports event.[23] Six months later, the company did the same to participants in the television show Celebrity Boxing.[24]

The company's efforts drew immediate criticism from consumer watchdog groups. Despite this, the move was successful, with the casino's web site traffic increasing 200% after the airing of the show.[24] The company has since followed up with temporary tattoos on a topless woman at the 2003 U.S. Open and a streaker who ran at the 2003 French Open as well as the 2003 UEFA Cup final.[22]

The first documented instance of person being paid to get a permanent tattoo for advertising purposes was 22-year-old Jim Nelson, who in 2003 sold the space on the back of his head to CI Host, a web hosting service for $7,000.[25] In the first six months after its application, the tattoo drew in 500 new customers for the company.[26] In 2005, Andrew Fischer gained worldwide notoriety for auctioning his forehead space on eBay for temporary tattoo advertising, with the final bid coming in at $37,375 for thirty days' worth.[27][28] Since then, tattoo advertising has become relatively popular, with a number of companies offering such services, and even large companies like Toyota having used it.[29][30] However, The Globe and Mail reported that there were more people selling parts of their body for advertising than there were buyers.[31]

During the 2012 U.S. presidential election campaign, professional wrestler Eric Hartsburg garnered media attention for getting a Romney campaign "R" logo permanently tattooed on his right temple. Hartsburg had offered a tattoo-placement via eBay and was contacted by an unnamed Republican supporter, who paid $15,000.00 for the promotion. No direct connection to the official Romney campaign was claimed.[32] Although he had originally intended to keep the tattoo, Hartsburg expressed disappointment with the defeated candidate's post-election comments and decided to have the design removed, but has stated that he does not regret his decision in getting it.[33][34] However, Hartsburg ultimately kept the tattoo, and it remains on his temple to this day.

Other

For the launch of its Windows Vista software, Microsoft employed a "human billboard" which was a performance art piece reminiscent of Cirque du Soleil. In this event, people were suspended along the side of a building and moved banners across a backdrop, creating the Vista logo in the process.

BuyMyFace.com was a website created by two University of Cambridge graduates, Ross Harper and Edward Moyse, to repay almost GB£50,000 in student debt (equivalent to £61,383 in 2019). Each day the site would display portrait pictures of the pair with an advertiser's logo or alternative image painted on their faces, with travel, activities and stunts able to be sponsored.[35][36] The year-long project began on October 1, 2011, and by the end had reportedly earned more than the debt owed.[37][38]

Legality

In many countries this type of ads are considered illegal. According to London Hackney Carriage Act 1853 and Metropolitan Streets Act 1867, Section 9, it is not lawful for any person to carry any picture, placard, notice, or advertisement, on any carriage or on horseback or on foot except those which are approved of by the Commissioner of Police.

In NCIS: Los Angeles season 4 episode 11 ("Drive") Marty Deeks goes undercover as a sign twirler.[39]

In Hawaii Five-0 season 5 episode 10 ("Wawahi moeʻuhane"/"Broken Dreams") Jerry Ortega get a job as a sign twirler working for Kamekona.[40]

gollark: I don't really care much either. It's not like we actually *need* moderation actions frequently here.
gollark: Anyway, I don't care much either way, I can notice the "new message here" indicator in the server's list and look, but if there's a ping for any conversation it'll end up pinging me even at night when I'm not looking at it.
gollark: You're kind of failing at that.
gollark: hi.
gollark: *Laughs in basically not doing exercise*

See also
  • Stanley Green, well-known Londoner who campaigned against dietary protein for many years

References
  1. "London placard carriers and 'sandwich men', 1820–1840". Urban75.org. September 2004. Retrieved 2007-05-02.
  2. "L'Homme-affiche". The Times (11956). London. 21 August 1823. p. 2, column 2.
  3. Ventura, Jordi. "Gems from the History of Advertising Posters". Palau Robert. Archived from the original on 2007-04-16. Retrieved 2007-05-03.
  4. Semuels, Alana (May 1, 2007). "The fine art of making a point". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2008-09-27. Retrieved 2007-05-02.
  5. Raney, Rebecca Fairley (November 19, 2006). "The Signs of a Cooling Market in California". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-05-03.
  6. Lipka, Nate (June 26, 2008). "Spin-Doctors". College Times. Archived from the original on July 13, 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-14.
  7. Irwin, Megan (March 28, 2007). "Sign Wars". Phoenix New Times. Retrieved 2009-02-23.
  8. Mossad, Jason (September 28, 2008). "Gilbert to reverse 'sign walkers' ordinance". East Valley Tribune. Archived from the original on 2008-10-07. Retrieved 2009-02-23.
  9. Adams, Mary (April 19, 2011). "How Did Tax Day Become A Marketing Holiday?". Archived from the original on May 5, 2011. Retrieved 2011-05-06.
  10. "It's Tax Day!". April 18, 2011. Archived from the original on August 14, 2011. Retrieved 2011-05-06.
  11. B, Hunter (February 9, 2011). "TAX TIME: Give me Liberty or ..." Archived from the original on 2011-07-26. Retrieved 2011-05-06.
  12. Dixon, Mark E. "A T-Shirt History". Archived from the original on 2007-05-01. Retrieved 2007-05-03.
  13. Cox, Kate (November 23, 2003). "The human billboards". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2007-05-03.
  14. Vincent, Roger (July 2, 2004). "Have you seen what's on TV-shirt today?". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-03.
  15. O'Briant, Don. (August 10, 1999 ) The Atlanta Journal-Constitution The newsstand: Brown's much-hyped talk walks the walk. Section: Features; Page D2.
  16. Rogers, Glenn. (March 21, 2001) San Antonio Express-News Next step: body art ads. Section: Sports; Page 5C.
  17. Rubin, Adam. (March 22, 2001) New York Daily News Tattoos used as Ads have drawn NBA's ire. Section: Sports; Page 80.
  18. Vukelj, John. (June 2005) Fordham Intellectual Property, Media & Entertainment Law Journal Post No Bills: Can the NBA Prohibit its Players from Wearing Tattoo Advertisements? Archived 2007-07-06 at the Wayback Machine Vol. 15; page 507.
  19. Ostler, Scott. (March 25, 2001) San Francisco Chronicle "The sky is falling or the odds of Ryan Leaf being a hit with Bucs". Section: Sports; Page D2.
  20. Talalay, Sarah. (April 22, 2001) South Florida Sun-Sentinel "Houston: No Tiger, No Problem".' Section: Sports Sunday; page 20C.
  21. Tribou, Richard. (August 15, 2001) The Daytona Beach News-Journal "'Tadoo' new gimmick for advertisers". Section: News-Journal; Page 6D.
  22. Walker, Rob (June 23, 2003). "Show Us Your Tats". Slate.com. Retrieved 2007-05-03.
  23. Coates, Pete. (October 7, 2001) Milwaukee Journal Sentinel Ads show up on bodies. Hopkins wore tattoo for online casino. Section: C Sports; page 2.
  24. McCarthy, Michael (April 4, 2004). "Ad tattoos get under some people's skin". USA Today. Retrieved 2007-05-03.
  25. Larratt, Shannon (September 27, 2004). "Tattoo my head with anything anti-Bush!". BMEzine. Archived from the original on March 20, 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-03.
  26. "World's First 'Living' Advertisement Makes A Big Splash" (press release). CI Host. December 8, 2003. Retrieved 2007-05-03.
  27. "Forehead ad auction hits $30,000". BBC. January 14, 2005. Retrieved 2007-05-03.
  28. Dagan, Richard (April 19, 2005). "Advertising and the Human Billboard". Dagan Designs. Archived from the original on 2012-06-03. Retrieved 2007-05-03.
  29. Roberts, Genevieve (January 17, 2005). "It's not subtle, but body advertising is a lucrative way of using". The Independent. Archived from the original on June 22, 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-03.
  30. "Forehead Advertising Goes Mainstream". Adrants. April 8, 2004. Retrieved 2007-05-03.
  31. Goldman, Eric (January 2, 2006). "Tattoo Advertising/Human Billboards". Technology & Marketing Law Blog. Retrieved 2007-05-03.
  33. Edwardslevy, Ariel (2012-11-29). "Man Planning To Remove Romney Facial Tattoo". Huffington Post.
  34. "Romney face tattoo guy getting ink removed". Upi.com. Retrieved 11 August 2018.
  35. Lee, Katy (March 28, 2012). "Students turn human billboards to pay off debts in Britain". Interaksyon. Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on 2013-01-26. Retrieved 11 August 2018.
  36. Grimston, Jack (4 Mar 2012). "We're no mugs, we've sold our faces". The Sunday Times. Retrieved 19 Jul 2018.
  37. "Pair sell advertising face space". BBC News. 21 October 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2018.
  38. Thomas, Kim (8 September 2015). "From BuyMyFace to bitcoin, what's next for young entrepreneur Ed?". the Guardian. Retrieved 11 August 2018.
  39. Day, Carla (January 9, 2013). "NCIS: Los Angeles Review: Crockett, Tubbs, Krafty and a Sign Spinner". TV Fanatic. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
  40. Stormy Elizabeth (January 2, 2013). "Hawaii Five-0 Recap – Dead Hula Girl: Season 5 Episode 10 'Wawahi Moe'uhane'". Celeb Dirty Laundry. Retrieved 10 February 2015.

Further reading
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