David H. Hubel

David Hunter Hubel FRS (February 27, 1926 – September 22, 2013) was a Canadian American neurophysiologist noted for his studies of the structure and function of the visual cortex. He was co-recipient with Torsten Wiesel of the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (shared with Roger W. Sperry), for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system. For much of his career, Hubel was the John Franklin Enders University Professor of Neurobiology at Harvard Medical School. In 1978, Hubel and Wiesel were awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University.[4][5][6]In 1983, Hubel received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.[7]

David H. Hubel
Hubel in 1992
Born
David Hunter Hubel

(1926-02-27)February 27, 1926
Windsor, Ontario, Canada
DiedSeptember 22, 2013(2013-09-22) (aged 87)
Lincoln, Massachusetts, U.S.
NationalityAmerican-Canadian[1]
Alma materMcGill University
Known forVisual system
Spouse(s)
Ruth Izzard
(
m. 1953)
Awards
Scientific career
FieldsNeurophysiologist
Institutions

Early life and education

David H. Hubel was born in Windsor, Ontario, Canada, to American parents in 1926. His grandfather emigrated as a child to the United States from the Bavarian town of Nördlingen. In 1929, his family moved to Montreal, where he spent his formative years. His father was a chemical engineer and Hubel developed a keen interest in science right from childhood, making many experiments in chemistry and electronics.[8] From age six to eighteen, he attended Strathcona Academy in Outremont, Quebec about which he said, "[I owe] much to the excellent teachers there, especially to Julia Bradshaw, a dedicated, vivacious history teacher with a memorable Irish temper, who awakened me to the possibility of learning how to write readable English."[8] He studied mathematics and physics at McGill University, and then entered medical school there.[1][9][10][11][12]

Information

In 1946, he moved to the United States to work at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine as an assistant resident in Neurology. He was later drafted by the army and served at Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR). There, he began recording from the primary visual cortex of sleeping and awake cats. At WRAIR, he invented the modern metal microelectrode out of Stoner-Mudge lacquer and tungsten, and the modern hydraulic microdrive, which he had to learn basic machinist skills to produce. In 1958, he moved to Johns Hopkins and began his collaborations with Wiesel, and discovered orientation selectivity and columnar organization in the visual cortex. One year later, he joined the faculty of Harvard University. In 1981, Hubel became a founding member of the World Cultural Council.[13] From 1988 to 1989 he was the president of the Society for Neuroscience.

Research
Hubel in his lab, 1980

The Hubel and Wiesel experiments greatly expanded the scientific knowledge of sensory processing. The partnership lasted over twenty years and became known as one of the most prominent research pairings in science.[14] In one experiment, done in 1959, they inserted a microelectrode into the primary visual cortex of an anesthetized cat. They then projected patterns of light and dark on a screen in front of the cat. They found that some neurons fired rapidly when presented with lines at one angle, while others responded best to another angle. Some of these neurons responded to light patterns and dark patterns differently. Hubel and Wiesel called these neurons simple cells."[15] Still other neurons, which they termed complex cells, detected edges regardless of where they were placed in the receptive field of the neuron and could preferentially detect motion in certain directions.[16] These studies showed how the visual system constructs complex representations of visual information from simple stimulus features.[17]

Hubel and Wiesel received the Nobel Prize for two major contributions: firstly, their work on the development of the visual system, which involved a description of ocular dominance columns in the 1960s and 1970s; and secondly, their work establishing a foundation for visual neurophysiology, describing how signals from the eye are processed by visual parcels in the neo-cortex to generate edge detectors, motion detectors, stereoscopic depth detectors, and color detectors, building blocks of the visual scene. By depriving kittens of using one eye, they showed that columns in the primary visual cortex receiving inputs from the other eye took over the areas that would normally receive input from the deprived eye. This has important implications for the understanding of deprivation amblyopia, a type of visual loss due to unilateral visual deprivation during the so-called critical period. These kittens also did not develop areas receiving input from both eyes, a feature needed for binocular vision. Hubel and Wiesel's experiments showed that the ocular dominance develops irreversibly early in childhood development. These studies opened the door for the understanding and treatment of childhood cataracts and strabismus. They were also important in the study of cortical plasticity.[17]

Furthermore, the understanding of sensory processing in animals served as inspiration for the SIFT descriptor (Lowe, 1999), which is a local feature used in computer vision for tasks such as object recognition and wide-baseline matching, etc. The SIFT descriptor is arguably the most widely used feature type for these tasks. Hubel was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1982.[2]

Personal life

Hubel married Ruth Izzard in 1953; she died February 17, 2013.[18] The couple had three sons and four grandchildren.[14] He died in Lincoln, Massachusetts from kidney failure on September 22, 2013 at the age of 87.[19][20]

gollark: Noooo, missed a 2G prize, and a nebula.
gollark: Got the second.
gollark: 🐪
gollark: ***mine***
gollark: I'd want it as a hatchling, personally.

See also

References
  1. "David H. Hubel - Biographical". Nobelprize.org. 2013-09-22. Retrieved 2015-11-09.
  2. "Fellowship of the Royal Society 1660-2015". London: Royal Society. Archived from the original on 2015-10-15.
  3. Wurtz, Robert H. (2016). "David Hunter Hubel. 27 February 1926 — 22 September 2013". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. London: Royal Society. 62: 233–246. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2016.0022.
  4. Hubel, D. H.; Wiesel, T. N. (1959). "Receptive fields of single neurones in the cat's striate cortex". The Journal of Physiology. 124 (3): 574–591. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1959.sp006308. PMC 1363130. PMID 14403679.
  5. Hubel, D. H.; Wiesel, T. N. (1962). "Receptive fields, binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat's visual cortex". The Journal of Physiology. 160 (45): 106–154. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1962.sp006837. PMC 1359523. PMID 14449617.
  6. Livingstone, M.; Hubel, D. (1988). "Segregation of form, color, movement, and depth: Anatomy, physiology, and perception". Science. 240 (4853): 740–749. Bibcode:1988Sci...240..740L. doi:10.1126/science.3283936. PMID 3283936.
  7. "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
  8. David H. Hubel (1981): David H. Hubel — Biographical Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
  9. David H. Hubel, Torsten N. Wiesel. Brain and Visual Perception: The Story of a 25-Year Collaboration. Oxford University Press, 2004. ISBN 0195176189
  10. "David H. Hubel - Biographical". Nobel.se. 2013-09-22. Retrieved 2015-11-09.
  11. "Eye, Brain, and Vision". Hubel.med.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2015-11-09.
  12. "Hubel, David H., 1926- .Papers, 1953-2005 (inclusive), 1966-1991 (bulk): Finding Aid". Nrs.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2015-11-09.
  13. "About Us". World Cultural Council. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
  14. Denise Gellene (24 September 2013): David Hubel, Nobel-Winning Scientist, Dies at 87 The New York Times. Retrieved 25 September 2013
  15. David H. Hubel and Torsten N. Wiesel (2005). Brain and visual perception: the story of a 25-year collaboration. Oxford University Press US. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-19-517618-6.
  16. Hubel, David (1993). "Eye, Brain and Vision". Nature. 362 (6419): 419. Bibcode:1993Natur.362..419S. doi:10.1038/362419a0., Chapter 4, pg 16
  17. Goldstein (2001). Sensation and Perception (6th ed.). London: Wadsworth.
  18. Boston Globe: Shirley Ruth (Izzard) Hubel Legacy.com. Retrieved 25 September 2013
  19. Shatz, C. J. (2013). "David Hunter Hubel (1926–2013) Neuroscientist who helped to reveal how the brain processes visual information". Nature. 502 (7473): 625. doi:10.1038/502625a. PMID 24172972.
  20. Botelho, Alyssa A. (2013-09-24). "David H. Hubel, Nobel Prize-winning neuroscientist, dies at 87". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2013-09-24.
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