Hispanic and Latin American Belizean

Hispanic Belizeans, Latin Belizean or Belizean Mestizos are Belizeans of Hispanic and mestizo descent. Currently, they comprise around 52.9% of Belize's population.

Hispanic Belizean

Fort George's Caye children
Total population
c. 180,000'[1] (52,9%)
Regions with significant populations
Mainly in the Corozal, Orange Walk and Cayo Districts, in San Pedro (Ambergris Caye) and Caye Caulker
Languages
Belizean Spanish · English · Kriol[2]
Religion
Predominantly Roman Catholic

Most Hispanic Belizeans are self-identified mestizos. Most mestizos speak Spanish, Kriol, and English fluently. The mestizo should not be confused with the Yucatec Maya who are also known as "Maya-Mestizos" in Belize.[3]

History

First occupations and Spanish expeditions in Belize

In 1494 the Treaty of Tordesillas was signed, claiming the entire western New World for Spain, including what is now Belize. Then in the mid-16th century Spanish conquistadors explored this territory, declaring it a Spanish colony [4] incorporated into the Captaincy General of Guatemala on December 27, 1527, when it was founded. [5] In the second half of that century it was integrated into the government of Yucatan in Viceroyalty of New Spain. [6] In 1530 the conqueror Francisco de Montejo attacked the Nachankan Maya and Belize but failed to subdue the Maya to Spanish rule,[7] From 1544 we have the first written documents about an established Spanish presence in Belize, in the Mayan city of Lamanai. There a Spanish colonial church was built in 1570. This city reflects considerable European influences. [8] Spanish missionaries arriving in 1550 evangelized the area's population of Ch'ol people (a language group belonging to ethnic group Q'eqchi' people), reaching the Amatique Bay (present Province Verapaz, in the southern half of the current Belize). [5]

However, few Spanish settled in the area because of the lack of the gold they'd come seeking and the strong resistance of the Maya people. [4] The Spanish colonists living in Belize often fought against the Maya, who were affected by slavery and disease carried by the Spanish.[8]

In 1618 there is evidence of evangelization in Pucté, northern Belize, and in 1621 at Tipúes with the Mopanes, in the central part of the territory. [5] After the mid-16th century, there is little evidence of Spanish evangelization. An exception is the journey undertaken by a Dominican priest Father Jose Delgado in 1677. Delgado traveled to Belize from Bacalar, Quintana Roo. He was captured and stripped by some English near Rio de Texoc - probably the present Mullins River. [2]

Between 1638 and 1695, the Mayans residing in Tipu enjoyed autonomy from Spanish rule. But in 1696, Spanish soldiers used Tipu as a base from which to pacify the area, with the support of missionary activities. In 1697 the Spanish conquered the Itzá, and in 1707 forcibly resettled the inhabitants of Tipu in the area of Lake Petén Itzá. [9]

The struggle between Spain and Britain over control of Belize

In 1717, after the British settlement in Belize between the sixteenth and the seventeenth, the Spanish army led by Marshal Antonio Silva Figueroa and Lazo, governor of the Yucatan Peninsula, expelled the English from the Belize River delta area. [5] [10] But the British returned, prompting a series of Spanish incursions to expel them.

On 20 January 1783, shortly after the Treaty of Versailles, Britain and Spain signed a peace treaty in which Spain ceded to Britain a small part of Belize, about 1.482 km square[10]located between the Hondo and Belize rivers. [5] British settlers obtained a further concession. By the London Convention of 1786 Spain ceded Belize another 1.883 km square (reaching the Sibun River or Manate Laguna, south of the Belize River).

Then, sometime between 1786 and 1796, a Spanish official visiting Yucatan reported that the English Baymen from Belize Town were expanding to cut logwood also in Campeche, near a town of Spanish population. Spain therefore issued orders for the immediate and effective removal of the settlers who occupied Belize. There ensued a confrontation between Britain and Spain on the coast of Belize in September 1798. This Battle of St. George's Caye ended with the Spanish defeat. The British were able to continue their harvesting of logwood in Belizean territory, even in areas that remained officially Spanish. [10]

19th and 20th centuries

Around the 1840s, thousands of Maya people and mestizos were driven from the area of Bacalar during the Caste War (1847-1901), [2] [11] They settled in the Corozal, Orange Walk Town, and Cayo District, as well as in the city of San Pedro in Ambergris Caye.[12] About 7000 Mexican mestizos immigrated during these years.[13] In the 1870s-1880s, the Kekchi emigrated from Verapaz, Guatemala, where their lands had been seized for coffee plantations and many of them enslaved. They settled villages in the Toledo District, living mainly by maize farming and fishing the streams. The Mopan originated in Belize but most were driven to Guatemala after the British assumed control of Belize in the late 18th century, after the Battle of St. George's Caye. They returned to Belize around 1886, fleeing enslavement and taxation in Petén.

After 1958, Mennonite groups in Mexico emigrated to Belize, settling in the north and west of Belize (Mexican Mennonites may have intermarried with native-born mestizos and Mexican mestizos).[14] Then between 1980 and 1990 thousands of undocumented migrants moved to the central and western parts of the country. Approximately 40,000 Salvadorans (including Salvadoran Mennonites), Guatemalans, Hondurans and Nicaraguans immigrated to Belize in this decade of strife in neighboring countries.[15] Some 25,000 were from El Salvador and Guatemala.[14] This, along with a high fertility rate, dramatically increased the number of Hispanics in Belize, causing concern over the rapid growth of the Spanish language in a country where the official language is English.[16]

Demography

See also: Demographics of Belize

According to a 2000 survey, 52.1% of the Belizean population is Hispanic. According to the 2000 census, Belize has 106,795 Hispanic people. In this figure can be added another 21,848 people who can speak Spanish as second language. In total, there are 128,243 people who speak Spanish in Belize. Although English is the official language, Spanish is spoken by the majority of Belize's population.[14] Also, according to the 2000 census, about 50% of the Belizean population declared themselves Catholics.[13]

Hispanics in Belize are mainly concentrated in the central and western parts of the country. That is, Corozal, Orange Walk, and much of the Cayo District, as well as San Pedro town in Ambergris Caye.[16] Both the people of Corozal, as people from Orange Walk, descended from the Yucatans who found refuge in Belizean soil fleeing the Caste War in the 1840s, while people of Cayo, descends from Guatemalans and Salvadorans people, mostly. The remaining districts also have Spanish-speaking population, although to a lesser extent. So, in Belize City, the most populated urban area in the country, it is common to use the Spanish language, next to Belizean Creole and in San Pedro, part of the Belize District, has a predominantly Spanish-speaking population. In addition, the Mopan indigenous live now in the Cayo district and San Antonio (Toledo district). Some of the Kekchi and Mopan have mixed. However, this groups are not strictly Hispanic because they speak their own Maya dialects, but they do come from Hispanic countries.[14] On the other hand, bilingualism in Spanish is encouraged, as the nation is surrounded by Spanish speaking countries.[16]

According to the 2000 Population Census, the people from Guatemala make up the largest group (42.9%) of the immigrant population in Belize, followed by nationals of El Salvador and Honduras.[17]

Main Hispanic and Latino immigrants by national origin (2000 Belize Census)
[17]

Hispanic Group	Population	% (in relation to the total immigrant community)
Guatemalan	14,693	42.9
Salvadoran	6,045	17.6
Honduran	4,961	14.5
Mexican	2,351	6.9
Total	28,050	81.9

References

1. Censo de Belice (2000) Page 32 from the Demografía de la Lengua española (in Spanish:Demographics of the Spanish language)
2. "Northern Belize Caste War History; Location". Retrieved 14 February 2008.
3. "Mestizo location in Belize; Location". Archived from the original on 14 February 2008. Retrieved 14 February 2008.
4. Johnson, Melissa A. (October 2003). "The Making of Race and Place in Nineteenth-Century British Honduras". Environmental History 8 (4): 598-617.
5. III. Belice, otra cuña británica en iberoamérica (in Spanish: BELIZE, another british wedge Iberian America Archived 2013-06-11 at the Wayback Machine
6. BELICE - Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y de Cooperación
7. History | Your Guide to Belize Travel | Moon Travel
8. Historia de Belice (in spanish: Belize´s history). Consultado el 28 de noviembre de 2012.
9. Bolland, Nigel. "Belize: Historical Setting". In A Country Study: Belize (In English: A Country Study: Belize. Tim Merrill, editor). Library of Congress Federal Research Division (January 1992). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
10. Battle of Saint George's Caye: English Settlers and Spanish Invasion in Belizean Foil. Retrieved on December 1, 2012, at 18:22 pm
11. My Belize adventure: People of Belize. Accessed February 14, 2008.
12. "Belize 2000 Housing and Population Census". Belize Central Statistical Office. 2000. Archived from the original on 20 December 2008. Retrieved 9 September 2008.
13. belice - Prolades.com
14. Belice - Icex www.icex.es/staticFiles/Belice_6779_.pdf
15. BELIZE Archived 2012-06-24 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 03, 2013, to 2:56 pm.
16. El Español en Belice (in Spanish: The Spanish in Belize). Writing by Christina Mudarra Sánchez.
17. Indeim: instituto de estudios y divulgación sobre Migración, A.C. (in Spanish. Indeim: Institute of Studies and disclosure on Migration, A.C.): Table "Hispanic or Latino Origin Population by Type: 2000" Archived 2013-12-10 at the Wayback Machine April 2013

Further Resources

• El Diario de Hoy: Belice, territorio guanaco (in English: The today diary. Belize, Guanacan territory
• History of Roman Catholicism in Belize