Charoset
Charoset, haroset, or charoises (Hebrew: חֲרֽוֹסֶת [ḥărōset]) is a sweet, dark-colored paste made of fruits and nuts eaten at the Passover Seder. Its color and texture are meant to recall mortar (or mud used to make adobe bricks) which the Israelites used when they were enslaved in Ancient Egypt as mentioned in Tractate Pesahim (page 116a) of the Talmud, which says " The word "charoset" comes from the Hebrew word cheres — חרס — "clay."
 | |
| Alternative names | Dukeh[1] |
|---|---|
| Course | Sweet relish |
| Place of origin | Land of Israel |
| Region or state | Jewish Diaspora, Ashkenaz, Sepharad, Israel |
| Main ingredients | Apples, Pears, Raisins, Figs, Orange juice, Red wine, Pine nuts and Cinnamon |
| Variations | Dates, Walnuts, Sesame, Wine vinegar, Cinnamon, Black pepper, Marjoram |
Charoset is one of the symbolic foods on the Passover Seder Plate. After reciting the blessings, and eating a matzah "Hillel sandwich" (with two matzot) combining charoset and maror, the remainder is often eaten plain, spread on matzah.
History
Charoset is mentioned in the Mishna in connection with the items placed on the Passover table: "unleavened bread and lettuce and charoset." Some say it can be traced back to the custom of symposia in ancient Greece, where philosophical discussions were accompanied by drinking large quantities of wine and consuming foods dipped into mixtures of pounded nuts and spices.[2]
Variations
There are many recipes for charoset. Many include at least some of the fruits and spices mentioned in the Song of Songs: apples 2-3, figs 2-13, pomegranates 4-3, grapes 2-15, walnuts 6-11, dates 7-7 with the addition of wine 1-2, saffron 4-14 and cinnamon 4-14.[3]
Ashkenazi traditions
Eastern European (or Ashkenazi) charoset is made from chopped walnuts and apples, spiced with cinnamon and sweet red wine. Honey or sugar may be added as a sweetener and binder. The mixture is not cooked. Many Ashkenazim refer to any charoset that includes fruit other than apples as "[name of fruit] charoset" as they do not consider it to be "charoset" in a strict sense.
Sephardi traditions
Sephardi charoset is a paste made of raisins, figs and dates.
Egyptian Jews make it from dates, raisins, walnuts, cinnamon, and sweet wine.
Greek and Turkish Jews use apples, dates, chopped almonds, and wine. Italian Jews add chestnuts.
Suriname Jews add coconut.
Iraqi Jews make it from a mixture of dates and nuts.
Yemenite tradition
Yihye Bashiri (17th-century) described the manner in which the charoset was made in Yemen: "They take figs or raisins or dates, and pound them into the consistency of dough. They then put vinegar thereto, and add spices. Some there are who put ground sesame seeds into this admixture. On the night of the Passover, a person is required to put therein whole spices that have not been ground; either two or three seeds of valerian (Arabic: sunbul), or sprigs of marjoram [alternatively: wild thyme ] (Arabic: za'tar), or savory (Arabic: hasha), or things similar to them, so that it will resemble straw in mortar – in remembrance of that thing by which our fathers were enslaved in Egypt, seeing that it is like unto bricks and straw."[4] In Yemenite Jewish tradition, the charoset is also called "dukeh" (Hebrew: דוכה), a name also referred to as such in the Jerusalem Talmud.[5]
Mizrahi traditions
Not all Jews use the term "charoset". Some of the Jews of the Middle East instead use the term "halegh". The origin of halegh is not clear. Rav Saadia Gaon uses the word and attributes it to a kind of walnut that was a mandatory ingredient in the preparation of the halegh.
Parts of the Jewish Diaspora in Iran have a tradition of including forty different ingredients in the halegh. The number forty signifies the forty years of wandering in the desert.
Modern variations
In 2015 Ben & Jerry's Charoset ice cream became widely available in Israel and was covered in several major news outlets.[6][7][8][9][10][11]
References
- The word is also mentioned in the Jerusalem Talmud (Pesahim 10:3), Leiden MS., where it states:
"The merchants of Jerusalem used to say: 'Come and take-up for yourselves spices for the festive occasion!' Those of the family of Issi, in the name of Issi [their father] would say, 'Why is it called Dukeh? It is because she pounds (Heb. dakah) [the condiments in the mortar] with him (i.e. husband)'." - Joan Alpert (2013-03-25). "The sweet story of Charoset". Moment.
- Rabbi Arthur Waskow (2009-04-08). "Passover's R-Rated Condiment". The Washington Post.
- Yosef Hubara (ed.), Sefer Ha-Tiklāl (Tiklāl Qadmonim), Jerusalem 1964
- cf. Leiden Manuscript of the Jerusalem Talmud, on Pesahim 10:3. The text there says, with a play on words: “The members of Isse's household would say in the name of Isse: Why is it called dūkeh? It is because she pounds (Heb. dakhah) [the spiced ingredients] with him.”
- "Ben & Jerry's Haroset Flavored Ice Cream". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 2016-04-12.
- "Ben And Jerry's Sells Charoset-Flavored Ice Cream Just In Time For Passover". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 2016-04-12.
- "Forget Cherry Garcia. How about Ben and Jerry's Passover ice cream?". Public Radio International. Retrieved 2016-04-12.
- "Charoset Ben & Jerry's: Who's brave enough to try?". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Retrieved 2016-04-12.
- JTA (2015-03-25). "Ben & Jerry's Charoset Flavor and 10 More Passover Ice Cream Ideas". Haaretz. Retrieved 2016-04-12.
- "Charoset-flavored Ben and Jerry's Ice Cream Exists in Israel, and Yes its Kosher for Passover". www.bustle.com. Retrieved 2016-04-12.
