Haplogroup C-B477

Haplogroup C-B477
Possible place of origin	Sahul Shelf
Ancestor	（Grandparent）C1
Descendants	C1b2a-M38; C1b2b-M347
Defining mutations	B477
Highest frequencies	Papuan people, Indigenous Australians, Melanesian people, Polynesian people

Haplogroup C-B477, also known as Haplogroup C1b3, is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. It is one of two primary branches of Haplogroup C1b, one of the descendants of Haplogroup C1.

It is distributed in high frequency in Indigenous Australians, Papuan people, Melanesian people and Polynesian people.

Subgroups

C1b3（C-B477）
- C1b3a（C-M38）Papuan people and other Oceanians
- C1b3b（C-M347）Indigenous Australians[1]

Frequency

C-M38

Lani 100%,[2]
Dani 92%,[2]
Cook Islands 78%[3]-82%,[2]
Samoa 62%[3]-72%,[4]
Tahiti 64%,[4]
Sumba 57%,[4]
Maori 43%,[5]
Tonga 34%,[3][4]
Futuna 30%,[3]
Maewo 23%,[4]
Maluku Islands 15%[2]-28%,[4]
Fiji 22%,[3]
Asmat people 20%,[2]
Coastal New Guinea 14%[4]-23%,[2]
Flores 17%,[4]
Tuvalu 17%,[3]
Tolai 12.5%[2]-21%,[3]
Lesser Sunda Islands 16%,[2]
Admiralty Islands 16%,[3]
West Sulawesi 12.5%[4]

C-M347

Indigenous Australians 60.2%[6]-68.7%[7]

Migration history

Migration of Haplogroup C (Y-DNA)

Haplogroup B-477 took South route after the Out of Africa through Indian subcontinent to Sahul Shelf.[8] C-M38 was born 49,600 years before present around New Guinea.[9]

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References

Hudjashov, G; Kivisild, T; Underhill, PA; et al. (May 2007). ""(May 2007). "Revealing the prehistoric settlement of Australia by Y chromosome and mtDNA analysis". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 (21): 8726–30. doi:10.1073/pnas.0702928104. PMC 1885570. PMID 17496137.
Kayser, M; Brauer, S; Weiss, G; et al. (February 2003). ""(February 2003). "Reduced Y-chromosome, but not mitochondrial DNA, diversity in human populations from West New Guinea". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 72 (2): 281–302. doi:10.1086/346065. PMC 379223. PMID 12532283.
Kayser, M; Choi, Y; van Oven, M; et al. (July 2008). ""(July 2008). "The impact of the Austronesian expansion: evidence from mtDNA and Y chromosome diversity in the Admiralty Islands of Melanesia". Mol. Biol. Evol. 25 (7): 1362–74. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn078. PMID 18390477.
Cox, MP; Redd, AJ; Karafet, TM; et al. (October 2007). "A Polynesian motif on the Y chromosome: population structure in remote Oceania". Hum. Biol. 79: 525–35. doi:10.1353/hub.2008.0004. hdl:1808/13585. PMID 18478968.
Underhill PA, Passarino G, Lin AA, et al. (April 2001). "Maori origins, Y-chromosome haplotypes and implications for human history in the Pacific". Hum. Mutat. 17 (4): 271–80. doi:10.1002/humu.23. PMID 11295824.
Hudjashov, G.; Kivisild, T.; Underhill, P. A.; Endicott, P.; Sanchez, J. J.; Lin, A. A.; Shen, P.; Oefner, P.; Renfrew, C.; Villems, R.; Forster, P. (2007). "Revealing the prehistoric settlement of Australia by Y chromosome and mtDNA analysis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (21): 8726–30. doi:10.1073/pnas.0702928104. PMC 1885570. PMID 17496137.
Kayser, M; Brauer, Silke; Weiss, Gunter; Schiefenhövel, Wulf; Underhill, Peter; Shen, Peidong; Oefner, Peter; Tommaseo-Ponzetta, Mila; Stoneking, Mark (2003). "Reduced Y-Chromosome, but Not Mitochondrial DNA, Diversity in Human Populations from West New Guinea". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 72 (2): 281–302. doi:10.1086/346065. PMC 379223. PMID 12532283.
崎谷満『DNA・考古・言語の学際研究が示す新・日本列島史』（勉誠出版　2009年）(in Japanese)
Scheinfeldt, L.; Friedlaender, F; Friedlaender, J; Latham, K; Koki, G; Karafet, T; Hammer, M; Lorenz, J (2006). "Unexpected NRY Chromosome Variation in Northern Island Melanesia". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 23 (8): 1628–41. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl028. PMID 16754639.

Phylogenetic tree of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups [χ 1][χ 2]

"Y-chromosomal Adam"

A00

A0-T [χ 3]

A0

A1 [χ 4]

A1a

A1b

A1b1

B

CF

F

F1

F2

F3

GHIJK

K

I

J

LT [χ 5]

K2 [χ 6]

L

T

K2a [χ 7]

K2b [χ 8]

K2c

K2d

K2e [χ 9]

K-M2313 [χ 10]

K2b1 [χ 11]

P [χ 12]

NO

S [χ 13]

M [χ 14]

P1

P2

N

O

Q

R

Footnotes

Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation. 35 (2): 187–91. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID 24166809.
International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015. (Access date: 1 February 2015.)
Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4).
Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4.
Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1.
Between 2002 and 2008, Haplogroup T-M184 was known as "Haplogroup K2". That name has since been re-assigned to K-M526, the sibling of Haplogroup LT.
Haplogroup K2a (M2308) and its primary subclade K-M2313 were separated from Haplogroup NO (F549) in 2016. (This followed the publication of: Poznik GD, Xue Y, Mendez FL, et al. (2016). "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences". Nature Genetics. 48 (6): 593–9. doi:10.1038/ng.3559. PMC 4884158. PMID 27111036. In the past, other haplogroups, including NO (M214) and K2e had also been identified with the name "K2a".
Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.
Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a).
K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. See: Poznik op. cit.; YFull YTree v5.08, 2017, "K-M2335", and; PhyloTree, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree" (Access date of these pages: 9 December 2017)
Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.
Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2.
Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4.)
Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d.)

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[1] Hudjashov, G; Kivisild, T; Underhill, PA; et al. (May 2007). ""(May 2007). "Revealing the prehistoric settlement of Australia by Y chromosome and mtDNA analysis". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 (21): 8726–30. doi:10.1073/pnas.0702928104. PMC 1885570. PMID 17496137.

[Kayser2003-2] Kayser, M; Brauer, S; Weiss, G; et al. (February 2003). ""(February 2003). "Reduced Y-chromosome, but not mitochondrial DNA, diversity in human populations from West New Guinea". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 72 (2): 281–302. doi:10.1086/346065. PMC 379223. PMID 12532283.

[Kayser2008-3] Kayser, M; Choi, Y; van Oven, M; et al. (July 2008). ""(July 2008). "The impact of the Austronesian expansion: evidence from mtDNA and Y chromosome diversity in the Admiralty Islands of Melanesia". Mol. Biol. Evol. 25 (7): 1362–74. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn078. PMID 18390477.

[Cox2007-4] Cox, MP; Redd, AJ; Karafet, TM; et al. (October 2007). "A Polynesian motif on the Y chromosome: population structure in remote Oceania". Hum. Biol. 79: 525–35. doi:10.1353/hub.2008.0004. hdl:1808/13585. PMID 18478968.

[Underhill2001-5] Underhill PA, Passarino G, Lin AA, et al. (April 2001). "Maori origins, Y-chromosome haplotypes and implications for human history in the Pacific". Hum. Mutat. 17 (4): 271–80. doi:10.1002/humu.23. PMID 11295824.

[6] Hudjashov, G.; Kivisild, T.; Underhill, P. A.; Endicott, P.; Sanchez, J. J.; Lin, A. A.; Shen, P.; Oefner, P.; Renfrew, C.; Villems, R.; Forster, P. (2007). "Revealing the prehistoric settlement of Australia by Y chromosome and mtDNA analysis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (21): 8726–30. doi:10.1073/pnas.0702928104. PMC 1885570. PMID 17496137.

[7] Kayser, M; Brauer, Silke; Weiss, Gunter; Schiefenhövel, Wulf; Underhill, Peter; Shen, Peidong; Oefner, Peter; Tommaseo-Ponzetta, Mila; Stoneking, Mark (2003). "Reduced Y-Chromosome, but Not Mitochondrial DNA, Diversity in Human Populations from West New Guinea". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 72 (2): 281–302. doi:10.1086/346065. PMC 379223. PMID 12532283.

[8] 崎谷満『DNA・考古・言語の学際研究が示す新・日本列島史』（勉誠出版　2009年）(in Japanese)

[Scheinfeldt2006-9] Scheinfeldt, L.; Friedlaender, F; Friedlaender, J; Latham, K; Koki, G; Karafet, T; Hammer, M; Lorenz, J (2006). "Unexpected NRY Chromosome Variation in Northern Island Melanesia". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 23 (8): 1628–41. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl028. PMID 16754639.

[vanOven2014-10] Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation. 35 (2): 187–91. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID 24166809.

[ISOGG2015-11] International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015. (Access date: 1 February 2015.)

[A0-T-12] Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4).

[A1-13] Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4.

[LT-14] Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1.

[K2-15] Between 2002 and 2008, Haplogroup T-M184 was known as "Haplogroup K2". That name has since been re-assigned to K-M526, the sibling of Haplogroup LT.

[K2a-16] Haplogroup K2a (M2308) and its primary subclade K-M2313 were separated from Haplogroup NO (F549) in 2016. (This followed the publication of: Poznik GD, Xue Y, Mendez FL, et al. (2016). "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences". Nature Genetics. 48 (6): 593–9. doi:10.1038/ng.3559. PMC 4884158. PMID 27111036. In the past, other haplogroups, including NO (M214) and K2e had also been identified with the name "K2a".

[K2b-17] Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.

[K2e-18] Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a).

[K-M2313-19] K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. See: Poznik op. cit.; YFull YTree v5.08, 2017, "K-M2335", and; PhyloTree, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree" (Access date of these pages: 9 December 2017)

[K2b1-20] Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.

[P-21] Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2.

[S-22] Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4.)

[M-23] Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d.)