Hamun Lake

Lake Hāmūn (Persian: دریاچه هامون‎, Daryācheh-ye Hāmūn) or "Hamoun Oasis" is a term applied to wetlands in endorheic Sīstān Basin on the Irano-Afghan border in the Sistan region. In Iran, it is also known as Hāmūn-e Helmand, Hāmūn-e Hīrmand, or Daryācheh-ye Sīstān ("Lake Sīstān").[3]

Hāmūn-e Helmand
Hāmūn-e Helmand
Locationsoutheast Iran
Coordinates30°50′N 61°40′E
Primary inflowsHelmand River
Basin countriesAfghanistan / Iran
Surface area~ 2,000–4,000 km2 (770–1,540 sq mi) depending on a Helmand river flood[1]
(including Hāmūn-e Sabari and Hāmūn-e Puzak)
Official nameHamun-e-Saberi & Hamun-e-Helmand
Designated23 June 1975
Reference no.42[2]

Hāmūn is generic term which refers to shallow lakes (or lagoons), usually seasonal, that occur in deserts of southeast Iran and adjacent areas of Afghanistan and Pakistan as a product of snowmelt in nearby mountains in spring. The term Hāmūn Lake (or Lake Hāmūn) is equally applied to Hāmūn-e Helmand[3] (entirely in Iran), as well to shallow lakes Hāmūn-e Sabari and Hāmūn-e Puzak, which extend into territory of present-day Afghanistan with latter being almost entirely inside Afghanistan. The Hamun is fed by numerous seasonal water tributaries; the main tributary is the perennial Helmand River, which originates in Afghanistan Hindu Kush mountains. In modern times, and prior to the existence of the dams for agricultural irrigation, spring floods would bring into existence much larger lakes.[4]

Geography
UNESCO Biosphere Reserves in Iran[5]

It is located in Afghanistan which forms on the Sīstān marshes west of the Dasht-e Mārgow desert where the Helmand River forms a dendritic delta. Water flows in a circular fashion through a string of lakes starting with Hāmūn-e Puzak in the northeast, sweeping into Hāmūn-e Sabari and finally overflows into Hāmūn-e Helmand in the southwest.[1][6]

It used to cover an area of about 4,000 km2 (1,500 mi2) with dense reed beds and tamarisk thicket fringing on the edges of the upper lakes. The area was thriving with wildlife animals and migratory birds.[1]

A trapezoid-shaped basalt outcropping, known as Mount Khajeh,[7] rises up as an island in the middle of which used to be Hāmūn Lake and the northeastern edge of Hāmūn-e Helmand. Its flat-topped peak rises up 609 meters above sea level with a diameter 2-2.5  km, being the only remaining natural uplift in the Sīstān flatlands.

Hamun Lake is sometimes categorized as three sibling shallow lakes Hamun-e Helmand, Hāmūn-e Sabari and Hāmūn-e Puzak, the latter extending into the Lash wa Juwayn District of Farah Province in Afghanistan.[8]

Lake Hāmūn is fed primarily by water catchments on the Afghani side, including the Harut River. It is in the Sistan region and it is in the Lash wa Juvayn District of the Farah Province of Afghanistan. The Harut River flows into the lake on the Afghanistan side of the border. In 1976, when rivers in Afghanistan were flowing regularly, the amount of water in the lake was relatively high. Between 1999 and 2001, however, the lake all but dried up and disappeared, as can be seen in the 2001 satellite image.

When droughts occur in Afghanistan, or the water in watersheds that support Lake Hāmūn is drawn down by other natural or human-induced reasons, the end result is a dry lake bed in Iran. In addition, when the lake is dry, seasonal winds blow fine sands off the exposed lake bed. The sand is swirled into huge dunes that may cover a hundred or more fishing villages along the former lakeshore. Wildlife around the lake is negatively impacted and fisheries are brought to a halt. Changes in water policies and substantial rains in the region hope to effect a return of much of the water in Lake Hamoun by 2003.[9]

In 1975 the hāmūn, together with Hāmūn-e Sabari, was designated a Ramsar site.[10]

Time series of LANDSAT photographs showing water level in Lake Hāmūn, eastern Iran / southwestern Afghanistan.[11]

History

Archeological sites

The area has important archeological remains. The ruins of an ancient Achaemenid city Dahan-e Gholaman (“Gate of Slaves”) are near the Hāmūn Lake 31.508625°N 61.753551°E / 31.508625; 61.753551.

In 1975 the Hāmūn-e Helmand, together with Hāmūn-e Sabari, was designated a Ramsar site.[10]

Irrigation

In the past five millennia, people around Hamoun Oasis, for the most part, lived in harmony with the wetlands and their wildlife. Specific culture formed around the Hamoun with a way of life suited to the desert wetlands. They fashioned long reed boats to navigate the shallow waters and erected squat, red clay houses to withstand the heat of the desert. Their livelihood was based almost entirely on hunting, fishing, and farming.
Until the late 20th century, irrigation waxed and waned in the Sīstān Basin for over 4,000 years without destroying the wetlands, but then population rapidly increased and new more efficient water management technologies were brought to the region. Soon irrigation schemes began to snake their way throughout the basin. Farther west, revolving Afghan governments constructed large dams (Arghandab Dam, Kajaki Dam) that diverted water from the upper reaches of the river.[1]

Devastation by extreme droughts in 1999-2001

Precipitation variability in the Hindu Kush results in alternating periods of flooding in the Helmand and droughts, which may cause entire lagoons to dry up. This occurred several times in the 20th century when only the uppermost of the lakes remained flooded. Landsat satellite imagery show how dramatic decrease in precipitation resulted in decrease of snow-covered area in the Helmand Basin, from 41,000 km2 in 1998 to 26,000 km2 in 2000. By 2001, Iran and Afghanistan were experienced for the third consecutive year an extreme drought that was so severe that the Hamoun dried out completely.[6]

Sīstān's population, swelled by refugees from war-torn Afghanistan, has been severely affected by water shortages. Irrigation channels have run dry and agriculture has come to a standstill, which has resulted in the abandonment of many villages as people migrate in search of water.[6]

Combination of drought and the massive irrigation proved to be a shock to the wetlands. Within five years period (1998-2002) once fertile wetlands rapidly deteriorated. We could reasonably presume that transformation of Hamoun into arid country, like their surrounding areas, was mainly caused by irrigated agriculture expansion since the 1970s (represent as bright red patches on satellite images, mainly wheat and barley), coupled with one of the worst droughts ever witnessed in Central Asia in 1999-2001 period.
The wetlands have been replaced mostly by lifeless salt flats and decaying reed stands. The wildlife, the towns, the fisheries, and the agriculture that once surrounded the Hamoun have all fallen away, giving rise to a wasteland.[1]

Winds that were once cooled by the waters of the wetlands now drifting dust, sand, and salt from the dried lakebeds onto the surrounding villages, and these sand drifts have submerged nearly 100 villages beneath dunes in a landscape reminiscent of the Aral Sea disaster. Most of the crops have been reduced to dustbowl conditions, livestock herds have been decimated, and thriving fishery with an annual catch of around 12,000 tons has been wiped out. Many who had lived around the Hamoun for generations either moved away or lost everything.
Local bird population disappeared and migratory birds no longer stop for lack of refuge, and wildlife that could not sustain themselves in the desert or make the long journey to another oasis died.[1][6] The rest of the wetlands now give off the harsh glare of dried salt flats. The only relatively large bodies of standing water are Chāh-Nīmeh IV reservoir maintained for drinking water.[6]

  • 1976 - thriving Hamoun Oasis [Landsat 3]
    Helmand River creates dendritic delta and dissipates itself in a series of hamouns along with numerous seasonal rivers which converge into endorheic Sīstān Basin.
  • 2001 - vanished Hamoun Oasis [Landsat 7
    Vanished during largest persistent drought in South and Central Asia (1999-2001), resulted in creation of large salt flatlands (white area).
  • Kajaki Dam provides flood control, power and irrigation water to the Helmand Valley. Without the dam, the surrounding region would be arid and unsuitable for agriculture.
  • Hamun Lake
  • Both farming and animal husbandry are major occupations in the region.Hamun Basin.
  • The people of region have been forced to migrate to other regions or smuggling gasoline to Afghanistan. Ghale-Now village. Sistan and Baluchestan province. Iran.
  • View of the Ghaleh Now Village close to Hamun Wetlands Sistan Province.
  • Helmand-Zabol Road. Sistan and Balouchestan Province. Iran.
  • Father and son stand by the boat left in Hamun arid land.40 Mohammed was a farmer and fisherman before dry up of Hamun Lake.now the only job left for him is animal husbandry. After the complete disruption of the water from the Hirmand River in Afghanistan, which led to an increase in the severity of the drought in Iran.
  • A greenhouse destroyed in Doust Mohammad village in Border of Afghanistan, due to the drought and dust storms arose from dry lake beds of the once-moist Hamun wetlands Sistan province.
  • The Chah Nimeh reservoirs are large natural holes in Sistan province into which Hirmand river water is directed. In times of water shortage, Sistan’s drinking water and some part of its farming water are provided through this artificial lake.
  • A farmer watering his land from a stream of the Helmand River.
  • Agriculture and the communities around the Hamun wetlands rely on Helmand. But despite massive investments in infrastructure, water is becoming scarce - on both sides of the border.
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See also


Notes
  1. Weier 2002
  2. "Hamun-e-Saberi & Hamun-e-Helmand". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  3. "GeoNames.org". www.geonames.org. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
  4. Staff, Editorial (2020-04-01). "Lake Hamun Biosphere Reserve & Life in It". Destination Iran Tours. Retrieved 2020-07-25.
  5. "UNESCO Biosphere Reserve Directory".
  6. Partov 1998
  7. Mount Khajeh is named after an Islamic pilgrimage site on the hill: the tomb and shrine of Khwaja Ali Mahdi, descendant of Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib
  8. Staff, Editorial (2020-04-01). "Lake Hamun Biosphere Reserve & Life in It". Destination Iran Tours. Retrieved 2020-07-29.
  9. UNEP 2006
  10. "Ramsar sites database". wetlands.org. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
  11. "- Center for Afghanistan Studies - University of Nebraska Omaha". www.unomaha.edu. Retrieved 11 April 2018.

References
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