Hamhung

Hamhŭng (Hamhŭng-si; Korean pronunciation: [ham.ɦɯŋ]) is North Korea's second largest city, and the capital of South Hamgyŏng Province. In late 2005, nearby Hŭngnam was made a ward (kuyŏk) within Hamhŭng-si.[1] It has a population of 768,551 as of 2008.[2]

Hamhŭng

함흥시
Municipal City
Korean transcription(s)
 • Chosŏn'gŭl함흥시
 • Hancha咸興市
 • McCune-ReischauerHamhŭng-si
 • Revised RomanizationHamheung-si
A view of Hamhung
Map of South Hamgyong showing the location of Hamhung
Hamhŭng
Location within North Korea
Coordinates: 39°55′N 127°32′E
Country North Korea
RegionKwannam
ProvinceSouth Hamgyong
Administrative divisions7 kuyok
Area
 • Total330 km2 (130 sq mi)
Population
 (2008)
 • Total768,551
 • Dialect
Hamgyŏng
Time zoneUTC+9 (Pyongyang Time)

Administrative divisions

Hamhŭng is divided into 7 kuyŏk (wards):

  • Haean-guyŏk
  • Hoesang-guyŏk
  • Hŭngdŏk-kuyŏk
  • Hŭngnam-guyŏk
  • Sap'o-guyŏk
  • Sŏngch'ŏn'gang-guyŏk (Sŏngch'ŏn-guyŏk until 1990)
  • Tonghŭngsan-guyŏk (Pallyong-guyŏk until 1977)

Geography

Hamhŭng is on the left branch of the Sŏngch'ŏn River, on the eastern part of the Hamhŭng plain (함흥평야), in South Hamgyŏng Province, northeast North Korea. The Tonghŭngsan is 319 m high.

Climate

Hamhung has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dwa), with warm, humid summers, and moderately cold, dry winters.

Climate data for Hamhung
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 1.3
(34.3)		 3.0
(37.4)		 7.4
(45.3)		 15.6
(60.1)		 20.8
(69.4)		 25.1
(77.2)		 28.0
(82.4)		 27.9
(82.2)		 24.0
(75.2)		 18.9
(66.0)		 10.3
(50.5)		 3.5
(38.3)		 15.5
(59.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) −5.5
(22.1)		 −3.3
(26.1)		 2.0
(35.6)		 9.0
(48.2)		 14.7
(58.5)		 19.6
(67.3)		 23.3
(73.9)		 23.7
(74.7)		 18.7
(65.7)		 12.5
(54.5)		 4.5
(40.1)		 −2.5
(27.5)		 9.7
(49.5)
Average low °C (°F) −12.2
(10.0)		 −9.5
(14.9)		 −3.4
(25.9)		 2.5
(36.5)		 8.6
(47.5)		 14.1
(57.4)		 18.6
(65.5)		 19.5
(67.1)		 13.4
(56.1)		 6.2
(43.2)		 −1.2
(29.8)		 −8.4
(16.9)		 4.0
(39.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 14
(0.6)		 16
(0.6)		 24
(0.9)		 42
(1.7)		 61
(2.4)		 85
(3.3)		 204
(8.0)		 209
(8.2)		 114
(4.5)		 39
(1.5)		 32
(1.3)		 15
(0.6)		 855
(33.6)
Source: Climate-data.org [3]

History
War damaged Hamhŭng in 1958

Yi Seong-gye, founder of the Yi Dynasty, retired to the city after a successful palace coup by his son Yi Bang-won in 1400. Though his son sent envoys to reconcile, his father had them killed. A modern Korean expression, 'King's envoy to Hamhŭng' (Hamheungchasa), refers to a person who goes on a journey and is never heard from again.[4] It was known as Kankō during Japanese rule of Korea between 1910 and 1945. It was liberated by the Red Army on 22 August 1945.

Marines of the 1st Marine Division pay their respects to fallen marines during memorial services at the division's cemetery at Hamhung, Korea, following the break-out from Chosin Reservoir, 13 December 1950

The city was 80–90% destroyed by American air raids during the Korean War (1950-1953) and was occupied by ROK troops between 17 October 1950 and 17 December 1950. From 1955 to 1962, Hamhŭng was the object of a large-scale program of reconstruction and development by East Germany including the build-up of construction-related industries and intense training measures for Korean construction workers, engineers, city planners and architects. When the Bauhaus trained architect Konrad Püschel, the first Head of City Planning for the Hamhŭng project arrived in 1955, he was accompanied by about 175 members of the 'Deutsche Arbeitsgruppe (DAG)' as the project team was called.[5] The project ended two years earlier than scheduled and with a low profile because of the Sino-Soviet conflict and the opposing positions that North Korea and East Germany took on that issue.[6]

From 1960 to 1967, Hamhŭng was administered separately from South Hamgyŏng as a Directly Governed City (Chikhalsi). Before 1960 and since 1967, the city has been part of South Hamgyŏng Province.

In 1995, Hamhŭng witnessed, thus far, one of the only documented challenges to the North Korean government when famine-ravaged soldiers began a march toward Pyongyang. The revolt was quelled and the unit of soldiers was disbanded.[7]

The North Korean famine of the 1990s appears to have had a disproportionate effect on the people of Hamhung. Andrew Natsios, a former aid worker, USAID administrator, and author of The Great North Korean Famine, described Hamhung as "the city most devastated by [the] famine."[8] Contemporary published reports from The Washington Post[9] and Reuters[10] describe numerous fresh graves on the surrounding hillsides and report that many of Hamhung's children were stunted by malnutrition. One survivor claimed that more than 10% of the city's population died, with another 10% fleeing the city in search of food.[11] Despite previously being closed to foreigners, foreign nationals can now travel to Hamhung through the few approved North Korean tour operators.[12]

There is speculation that Hamhung, with its high proportion of chemists and the site of a chemical-industrial complex built by the Japanese during World War II, is the center for North Korea's methamphetamine production.[13]

Economy

Hamhŭng is an important chemical industry center in the DPRK. It is an industrial city which serves as a major port for North Korean foreign trade. Production includes textiles (particularly vinalon), metalware, machinery, refined oil and processed food.

Prison camps

Two large reeducation camps are located near Hamhung: Kyo-hwa-so No. 9 is in northeastern Hamhung, and Kyo-hwa-so No. 22 is in Yonggwang County north of Hamhung.[14]

Transportation

The city is a transportation hub, connecting various eastern ports and the northern interior area. Hamhung Station is on the Pyongra Line railway. This city is connected by air too, with Toksan Airport.

Culture
Hamhŭng Grand Theatre

Hamhŭng hosts the Hamhŭng Grand Theatre, the largest theatre in North Korea.[15] A national museum is located in Hamhŭng.

Education

Hamhŭng is home to the Hamhŭng University of Education, Hamhŭng University of Pharmacy, Hamhŭng University of Chemistry and Hamhŭng University of Medicine. Professional colleges in Hamhǔng include the Hamhǔng College of Quality Control, the Hamhŭng Hydrographic and Power College, and the Hamhǔng College of Electronics and Automation. There is also a branch academy of science.

In 2018, the South Hamgyong Sci-Tech Library, the largest facility of its kind outside Pyongyang, opened in the city.[16]

People born in Hamhŭng

Twin towns – sister cities

Hamhung is twinned with:

gollark: Idea: increase listener count by illegally broadcasting OIR on actual FM bands.
gollark: I think it is some form of shuffle, though.
gollark: Hmm, the documentation says nothing about this.
gollark: I'm not actually sure.
gollark: No copyright intended, yes.

See also

Footnotes
  1. "Archived copy" 행정구역 개편 일지. NKChosun (in Korean). Archived from the original on 2006-11-02. Retrieved 2006-04-29.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  2. United Nations Statistics Division; 2008 Census of Population of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea conducted on 1–15 October 2008 (pdf-file) Retrieved on 2009-03-18.
  3. "Climate: Hamhung".
  4. "Characters". How Koreans Talk. UnhengNamu. 2002. pp. 094–095. ISBN 89-87976-95-5.
  5. Dong-Sam Sin (2016) Die Planung des Wiederaufbaus der Städte Hamhung und Hungnam in Nordkorea durch die DAG-Städtebaubrigade der DDR von 1955 - 1962. A dissertation for HafenCity Universität Hamburg
  6. For more information on the post-War reconstruction project, see Frank, Rüdiger (December 1996). Die DDR und Nordkorea. Der Wiederaufbau der Stadt Hamhŭng von 1954–1962 (in German). Aachen: Shaker. ISBN 3-8265-5472-8.
  7. Becker, Jasper (May 2005). Rogue Regime: Kim Jong Il and the Looming Threat of North Korea. USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 199–200. ISBN 9780198038108.
  8. "The Politics of Famine in North Korea". U.S. Institute of Peace. Archived from the original on January 22, 2009. Retrieved 2009-01-31.
  9. Richburg, Keith B. (1997-10-19). "Beyond a Wall of Secrecy, Devastation". Washington Post. Retrieved 2010-05-04.
  10. "North Korea: Whole Generation of Children Affected by North Korean Famine". Reuters. 1999-05-19.
  11. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2011-07-08.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  12. "Recent news". U.S. Institute of Peace. Retrieved 2010-06-25.
  13. Stone Fish, Isaac (20 June 2011). "North Korea's Addicting Export: Crystal Meth". Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting. Retrieved 2011-06-27.
  14. "The Hidden Gulag – Exposing Crimes against Humanity in North Korea's Vast Prison System (p. 93 - 100)" (PDF). The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea. Retrieved May 2, 2014.
  15. Korea Travel Guide. Lonely Planet. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
  16. Zwirko, Colin (31 December 2018). "New North Korean Sci-Tech Library officially opens after long delay". NK News.
  17. https://londonkoreanlinks.net/2011/06/22/is-this-the-only-modern-korea-related-novel-published-by-penguin-classics/
  18. Sun, Jiaming (2008). Global Connectivity and Local Transformation: A Micro Approach to Studying the Effect of Globalization on Shanghai. University Press of America. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-4616-8182-3.

Further reading
  • Dormels, Rainer. North Korea's Cities: Industrial facilities, internal structures and typification. Jimoondang, 2014. ISBN 978-89-6297-167-5
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