Sodalite

Sodalite is a rich royal blue tectosilicate mineral with the formula Na
₈(Al
₆Si
₆O
₂₄)Cl
₂, widely used as an ornamental gemstone. Although massive sodalite samples are opaque, crystals are usually transparent to translucent. Sodalite is a member of the sodalite group with hauyne, nosean, lazurite and tugtupite.

Sodalite
General
Category	Tectosilicates without zeolitic H2O
Formula (repeating unit)	Na 8(Al 6Si 6O 24)Cl 2
Strunz classification	9.FB.10
Crystal system	Cubic
Crystal class	Hextetrahedral (43m) H-M symbol: (4 3m)
Space group	P43n
Unit cell	a = 8.876(6) Å; Z = 1
Identification
Color	Rich royal blue, green, yellow, violet, white veining common
Crystal habit	Massive; rarely as dodecahedra
Twinning	Common on {111} forming pseudohexagonal prisms
Cleavage	Poor on {110}
Fracture	Conchoidal to uneven
Tenacity	Brittle
Mohs scale hardness	5.5-6
Luster	Dull vitreous to greasy
Streak	White
Diaphaneity	Transparent to translucent
Specific gravity	2.27-2.33
Optical properties	Isotropic
Refractive index	n = 1.483 - 1.487
Ultraviolet fluorescence	Bright red-orange cathodoluminescence and fluorescence under LW and SW UV, with yellowish phosphorescence; may be photochromic in magentas
Fusibility	Easily to a colourless glass; sodium yellow flame
Solubility	Soluble in hydrochloric acid and nitric acid
References	[1][2][3][4]
Major varieties
Hackmanite	Tenebrescent; violet-red or green fading to white

First discovered by Europeans in 1811 in the Ilimaussaq intrusive complex in Greenland, sodalite did not become important as an ornamental stone until 1891 when vast deposits of fine material were discovered in Ontario, Canada.

Structure

Sodalite is a cubic mineral which consists of an aluminosilicate cage network with Na⁺ cations in the interframework. This framework forms a cage structure, similar to zeolites. Each unit cell contains two cage structures.[5] Natural sodalite holds primarily chloride anions in the cages, but they can be substituted by other anions such as sulfate, sulfide, hydroxide, trisulfur with other minerals in the sodalite group representing end member compositions.

Properties

A sample of sodalite-carbonate pegmatite from Bolivia, with a polished rock surface.

A light, relatively hard yet fragile mineral, sodalite is named after its sodium content; in mineralogy it may be classed as a feldspathoid. Well known for its blue color, sodalite may also be grey, yellow, green, or pink and is often mottled with white veins or patches. The more uniformly blue material is used in jewellery, where it is fashioned into cabochons and beads. Lesser material is more often seen as facing or inlay in various applications.

Although somewhat similar to lazurite and lapis lazuli, sodalite rarely contains pyrite (a common inclusion in lapis) and its blue color is more like traditional royal blue rather than ultramarine. It is further distinguished from similar minerals by its white (rather than blue) streak. Sodalite's six directions of poor cleavage may be seen as incipient cracks running through the stone.

Most sodalite will fluoresce orange under ultraviolet light, and hackmanite exhibits tenebrescence.[6]

Stereo image

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Cross-eye view ()

Small specimen of Sodalite from Brazil.

Hackmanite

Hackmanite dodecahedron from the Koksha Valley, Afghanistan

Hackmanite is a variety of sodalite exhibiting tenebrescence.[7] When hackmanite from Mont Saint-Hilaire (Quebec) or Ilímaussaq (Greenland) is freshly quarried, it is generally pale to deep violet but the color fades quickly to greyish or greenish white. Conversely, hackmanite from Afghanistan and the Myanmar Republic (Burma) starts off creamy white but develops a violet to pink-red color in sunlight. If left in a dark environment for some time, the violet will fade again. Tenebrescence is accelerated by the use of longwave or, particularly, shortwave ultraviolet light. Much sodalite will also fluoresce a patchy orange under UV light.

Occurrence

Sodalite was first described in 1811 for the occurrence in its type locality in the Ilimaussaq complex, Narsaq, West Greenland.[1]

Occurring typically in massive form, sodalite is found as vein fillings in plutonic igneous rocks such as nepheline syenites. It is associated with other minerals typical of silica-undersaturated environments, namely leucite, cancrinite and natrolite. Other associated minerals include nepheline, titanian andradite, aegirine, microcline, sanidine, albite, calcite, fluorite, ankerite and baryte.[3]

Significant deposits of fine material are restricted to but a few locales: Bancroft, Ontario, and Mont-Saint-Hilaire, Quebec, in Canada; and Litchfield, Maine, and Magnet Cove, Arkansas, in the US. The Ice River complex, near Golden, British Columbia, contains sodalite.[8] Smaller deposits are found in South America (Brazil and Bolivia), Portugal, Romania, Burma and Russia. Hackmanite is found principally in Mont-Saint-Hilaire and Greenland.

Euhedral, transparent crystals are found in northern Namibia and in the lavas of Vesuvius, Italy.

History

The people of the Caral culture traded for sodalite from the Collao altiplano.[9] Sodalite was also traded for at Lukurmata.[10]

Synthesis

The mesoporous cage structure of sodalite makes it useful as a container material for many anions. Some of the anions known to have been included in sodalite-structure materials include nitrate,[11] iodide,[12] iodate,[13] permanganate,[14] perchlorate,[15] and perrhenate.[16]

See also

• Labradorite
• Opal

References

1. Mindat with locations
2. Webmineral data
3. Handbook of Mineralogy
4. Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis, 1985, Manual of Mineralogy, 20th ed., ISBN 0-471-80580-7
5. Hassan, I.; Grundy, H. D. (1984). "The crystal structures of sodalite-group minerals". Acta Crystallographica Section B. 40: 6–13. doi:10.1107/S0108768184001683.
6. Rock Roles: Facts, Properties, and Lore of Gemstones By Suzanne Bettonville. p.98
7. Kondo, D.; Beaton, D. (2009). "Hackmanite/Sodalite from Myanmar and Afghanistan" (PDF). Gems and Gemology. 45 (1): 38–43.
8. Ice River deposit on Mindat
9. The Chinchorro culture: a comparative perspective. The archaeology of the earliest human mummification. By Sanz, Nuria, Arriaza, Bernardo T., Standen, Vivien G., editors. p.92
10. Ancient Titicaca: The Evolution of Complex Society in Southern Peru and North Bolivia, by Charles Stanish, p.162
11. Buhl, Josef-Christian; Löns, Jürgen (1996). "Synthesis and crystal structure of nitrate enclathrated sodalite Na8[AlSiO4]6(NO3)2". Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 235: 41–47. doi:10.1016/0925-8388(95)02148-5.
12. Nakazawa, T.; Kato, H.; Okada, K.; Ueta, S.; Mihara, M. (2000). "Iodine Immobilization by Sodalite Waste Form". MRS Proceedings. 663. doi:10.1557/PROC-663-51.
13. Buhl, Josef-Christian (1996). "The properties of salt-filled sodalites. Part 4. Synthesis and heterogeneous reactions of iodate-enclathrated sodalite Na8[AlSiO4]6(IO3)2−x(OH·H2O)x; 0.7 < x < 1.3". Thermochimica Acta. 286 (2): 251–262. doi:10.1016/0040-6031(96)02971-1.
14. Brenchley, Matthew E.; Weller, Mark T. (1994). "Synthesis and structures of M8[ALSiO4]6·(XO4)2, M = Na, Li, K; X = Cl, Mn Sodalites". Zeolites. 14 (8): 682–686. doi:10.1016/0144-2449(94)90125-2.
15. Veit, Th.; Buhl, J.-Ch.; Hoffmann, W. (1991). "Hydrothermal synthesis, characterization and structure refinement of chlorate- and perchlorate-sodalite". Catalysis Today. 8 (4): 405–413. doi:10.1016/0920-5861(91)87019-J.
16. Anenburg, Michael; Le Losq, Charles (2019). "Perrhenate sodalite growth from alkali silicate melts by noble metal catalysis". SN Applied Sciences. 1 (4): 372. doi:10.1007/s42452-019-0414-7.

• Mineral galleries