Larimar

Larimar, also called "Stefilia's Stone", is a rare blue variety of the silicate mineral pectolite found only in the Dominican Republic, in the Caribbean. Its coloration varies from white, light-blue, green-blue to deep blue.[5]

Not to be confused with Lorimar.
Larimar (Blue Pectolite)
Larimar specimen from Dominican Republic
General
CategoryInosilicate mineral
Formula
(repeating unit)		NaCu2Si3O8(OH) or NaCa2Si3O8(OH)(Calcium substitution by Copper produces the Blue Color)[1]
Crystal systemTriclinic
Crystal classPinacoidal (1)
(same H-M symbol)
Space groupP1
Unit cella = 7.99 Å, b = 7.03 Å,
c = 7.03 Å; α = 90.51°,
β = 95.21°, γ = 102.53°; Z = 2
Identification
ColorMost forms Sky Blue, often with White Veining, also Green with Red inclusions
Crystal habitTabular to acicular, radiating fibrous, spheroidal, or columnar; massive
TwinningTwin axis [010] with composition plane [100], common
CleavagePerfect on {100} and {001}
FractureUneven
TenacityBrittle; tough when compact
Mohs scale hardness4.5 - 5
LusterSilky, subvitreous
DiaphaneityTranslucent to opaque
Specific gravity2.84 - 2.90
Optical propertiesBiaxial (+)
Refractive indexnα = 1.594 - 1.610 nβ = 1.603 - 1.614 nγ = 1.631 - 1.642
Birefringenceδ = 0.037
2V angleMeasured: 50° to 63°, Calculated: 42° to 60°
Dispersionr > v weak to very strong
References[2][3][4]

History

The Dominican Republic's Ministry of Mining records show that Father Miguel Domingo Fuertes Loren of the Barahona Parish requested permission on 22 November 1916 to explore and exploit the mine of a certain blue rock that he had discovered. Pectolites were not yet known in the Dominican Republic, and the request was rejected.[6]

Miguel Méndez and Peace Corps volunteer Norman Rilling rediscovered Larimar in 1974 on a beach at the foot of the Bahoruco Mountain Range, the coastal province of Barahona. Natives believed that the stone came from the sea, and they called the gem Blue Stone. Miguel took his young daughter's name Larissa and the Spanish word for sea (mar) and formed Larimar, to suggest the colors of the Caribbean Sea where it was found. The few stones that they found were alluvial sediment, washed into the sea by the Bahoruco River. An upstream search revealed the in situ outcrops in the range and soon the Los Chupaderos mine was formed.[5][6]

Geology
Rough Larimar

Larimar is a type of pectolite or a rock composed largely of pectolite, an acid silicate hydrate of calcium and sodium. Pectolite is found in many locations, but larimar has a unique volcanic blue coloration, which is the result of copper substitution for calcium.[1]

Miocene volcanic rocks, andesites and basalts, erupted within the limestones of the south coast of the island. These rocks contained cavities or vugs which were later filled with a variety of minerals, including the blue pectolite. These pectolite cavity fillings are a secondary occurrence within the volcanic flows, dikes, and plugs. When these rocks erode, the pectolite fillings are carried down the slope to end up in the alluvium and the beach gravels. The Bahoruco River carried the pectolite-bearing sediments to the sea.[5] The tumbling action along the streambed provided the natural polishing to the blue larimar, which makes them stand out in contrast to the dark gravels of the streambed.

Los Chupaderos

The most important outcrop of blue pectolite is located at Los Chupaderos in the section of Los Checheses, about 10 km (6.2 mi) southwest of the city of Barahona in the southwestern region of the Dominican Republic. It is a single mountainside now perforated with approximately 2,000 vertical shafts, surrounded by rainforest vegetation and deposits of blue-colored mine tailings.[5][6]

Jewelry

Larimar jewelry is offered to the public in the Dominican Republic, and elsewhere in the Caribbean as a local speciality. Most jewelry produced is set in silver, but sometimes high-grade larimar is also set in gold.

Quality grading is according to coloration and the typical mineral crystal configuration in the stone. Larimar also comes in green and even with red spots, brown strikes, etc., due to the presence of other minerals and/or oxidation. But the more intense the blue color and the contrast in the stone, the higher and rarer is the quality. The blue color is photosensitive and fades with time if exposed to too much light and heat.[6]

gollark: That should just be `ret` at the end obviously.
gollark: complete apioforms.
gollark: Due to general issues in potatOS environment handling, I think it's currently possible to do limited file I/O when it shouldn't be possible.
gollark: I should probably deal with a fix for some hypothetical potatOS potatobugs.
gollark: APIOID!

See also

References
  1. Woodruff, Robert E.& Manuel Frisch, Blue pectolite in the Dominican Republic, Gems & Gemology, Winter 1989
  2. Handbook of Mineralogy
  3. Mindat w/ localities
  4. Webmineral
  5. Woodruff, Robert E. (January 1986). "Larimar -- Beautiful, blue and baffling". Article in Lapidary Journal. Retrieved 2009-09-24.
  6. "Todo sobre el Larimar -- Historia, formación y usos del Larimar". Retrieved 2009-09-24.
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