Guided bone and tissue regeneration

Guided bone regeneration (GBR) and guided tissue regeneration (GTR) are dental surgical procedures that use barrier membranes to direct the growth of new bone and gingival tissue at sites with insufficient volumes or dimensions of bone or gingiva for proper function, esthetics or prosthetic restoration. Guided bone regeneration typically refers to ridge augmentation or bone regenerative procedures; guided tissue regeneration typically refers to regeneration of periodontal attachment. [1]

Guided bone and tissue regeneration
MeSHD048091

Guided bone regeneration is similar to guided tissue regeneration, but is focused on development of hard tissues in addition to the soft tissues of the periodontal attachment. At present, guided bone regeneration is predominantly applied in the oral cavity to support new hard tissue growth on an alveolar ridge to allow stable placement of dental implants. When Bone grafting is used in conjunction with sound surgical technique, guided bone regeneration is a reliable and validated procedure.

History

Use of barrier membranes to direct bone regeneration was first described in the context of orthopaedic research 1959.[2] The theoretical principles basic to guided tissue regeneration were developed by Melcher in 1976, who outlined the necessity of excluding unwanted cell lines from healing sites to allow growth of desired tissues.[3] Based on positive clinical results of regeneration in periodontology research in the 1980s, research began to focus on the potential for re-building alveolar bone defects using guided bone regeneration. The theory of Guided tissue regeneration has been challenged in dentistry. The GBR principle was first examined by Dahlin et al. in 1988 on rats. The selective ingrowth of bone-forming cells into a bone defect region could be improved if the adjacent tissue is kept away with a membrane; this was confirmed in a study by Kosopoulos and Karring in 1994. GBR can be used for bone regeneration on exposed implant coils .[4] Recent studies have shown greater attachment gain for guided tissue regeneration (GTR) over open flap debridement. However, this systematic review has shown that the outcomes following GTR are highly variable, both between and within studies. Therefore, patients and health professionals need to consider the predictability of the technique compared with other methods of treatment before making final decisions on use.[5]

Overview

Four stages are used to successfully regenerate bone and other tissues, abbreviated with the acronym PASS:[6]

  1. Primary closure of the wound to promote undisturbed and uninterrupted healing
  2. Angiogenesis to provide necessary blood supply and undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
  3. Space creation and maintenance to facilitate space for bone in-growth
  4. Stability of the wound to induce blood clot formation and allow uneventful healing

After tooth removal, it takes 40 days for the normal healing process to take place (clot formation to socket filled with bone, connective tissue and epithelium).[7]

The destructive gum condition, chronic periodontists, in the susceptible individual results in the breakdown of both the connective tissues which attach the tooth, and the bone supporting the root.[8] Conventional treatment arrests the disease but does not regain bone support or connective tissue that was lost in the disease process. Guided tissue regeneration surgery can be applied here, aiming to regenerate the periodontal tissues.[8]

A Cochrane review found that GTR had a greater effect on probing measures (including improved attachment gain, reduced pocket depth, less gingival recessions and more gain in hard tissue probing) of periodontal treatment compared to open flap debridement.[8]

Application
Main article: Bone grafting

The first application of barrier membranes in the mouth occurred in 1982[9][10][11] in the context of regeneration of periodontal tissues via GTR, as an alternative to resective surgical procedures to reduce pocket depths.[6][12] Barrier membrane is utilized in GBR technique to cover the bone defect and create a secluded space, which prevents the connective tissue from growing into the space and facilitates the growth priority of bone tissue. An added benefit of the membrane is that it provides protection of the wound from mechanical disruption and salivary contamination.[7] 

Barrier membrane criteria should be as follows:

  • Biocompatible
  • Excludes unwanted cell types
  • allow tissue integration
  • creates and maintains space
  • provided the structure is easy to trim and place[13]

Several surgical techniques via GBR have been proposed regarding the tri-dimensional bone reconstruction of the severely resorbed maxilla, using different types of bone substitutes that have regenerative, osseoinductive or osseoconductive properties which is then packed into the bony defect and covered by resorbable membranes. In cases where augmentation materials used are autografts (tissue transfer from same person[14]) or allografts (tissue from genetically dissimilar members of same species[14]) the bone density is quite low and resorption of the grafted site in these cases can reach up to 30% of original volume. Other materials available xenografts (tissue donor from another species[14]) and autogenous bone.[7] For higher predictability, nonresorbable titanium-reinforced d-polytetrafluoroethylene (d-PTFE) membranes—as a barrier against the migration of epithelial cells within the grafted site—are recommended. In patients with systemic problems interdisciplinary collaboration is indicated to adjust therapy background so that it does not adversely affect implanto-prosthetic treatment.[15] Current treatments for destructive periodontal

disease are not able to restore damaged bone and connective tissue support for teeth (infra-bony defects). There are limitations in treating patients with advanced disease but GTR may be able to achieve regeneration and therefore improve upon conventional surgical results.[16]

Currently there are two types of barrier membranes available; resorbable and non-resorbable.[7]

Non-resorbable membranes:

The main types of non-resorbable barrier membranes are expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (e-PTFE), high-density polytetrafluoroethylene (d-PTFE), titanium mesh and titanium-reinforced PTFE.[7]

Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (e-PTFE) became the most common non-resorbable membrane used for bone regeneration in the 1990s. Gore-Tex was the most popular type of e-PTFE.[17] The e-PTFE membrane is sintered with pores of 5 - 20 μm within the framework of the material. The e-PTFE membrane behaves as a barrier to prevent fibroblasts and various connective-tissue cells from entering the bone defect in order to allow the slower moving cells that are osteogenic to repopulate the defect.[18] A study used e-PTFE membranes to cover surgically constructed average size bone defects in the mandibular angles of rats. Consequently, the e-PTFE membrane acted as a barrier to soft tissue and sped up bone healing, which took place between 3–6 weeks while no healing occurred in the non-membrane control group during a 22 week period.[19]

The biological method of osteopromotion by exclusion is good for predicting ridge growth or defect regeneration.[20]

Resorbable membranes:

There are many different types of resorbable membranes out there but the main ones are synthetic polymers and natural biomaterials. Synthetic polymers are such that it is a polylactic acid bilayer, or the collagen-derived membranes. These membranes can be obtained from bovine or porcine or dermis. E.g. Emdogain which has been shown to significantly improve probing attachment levels (1.1mm) and periodontal pocket depth reduction (0.9mm) when compared to a placebo or control materials.[21] Resorption rates ranging from six to 24 weeks depending on its different chemical structures. With the resorbable membrane used, the membrane will bio-degrade. There is no need for a second surgery to remove the membrane, this will prevent any disruption to the healing process of the regenerated tissues.[13] A synthetic resorbable membrane indicated an amount of stable augmented bone similar to that of a collagen resorbable membrane. These are the results obtained based on a randomised clinical trial done to compare the stability of augmented bone between a synthetic resorbable membrane and a collagen membrane with guide bone regeneration simultaneous with dental implant placement in the aesthetic zone in terms of facial bone thickness.[22]

Success depends on osteoblasts being present at the site, there must be a sufficient blood supply, graft must be stabilised during healing and soft tissue must not be under tension.[14]

is

  • vertical and horizontal augmentation of the upper and lower jaws[14]

Indications

There are several uses of bone regeneration:

  • Fenestration and dehiscence
  • building up bone around implants placed in tooth sockets after tooth extraction
  • socket preservation for future implantation of false teeth or prosthetics
  • Sinus Lift Elevation prior to implant placement
  • filling of bone after removing the root of a tooth, cystectomy or the removal of impacted teeth
  • repairing bone defects surrounding dental implant caused by peri-implantitis.
  • cystic cavity.

Contraindication

Contraindication include:[23]

  • Smokers
  • Inadequate self-performed oral hygiene
  • Many sites of bony and tissue defects
  • Unable to achieve wound closure after surgery due to insufficient soft tissues
  • Severe furcation involvement i.e. grade 3
  • systemic diseases e.g. diabetes

Potential complications

Potential complications include:[23]

  • Unsuccessful treatment procedure which can lead to recurrent defect
  • Post treatment infection
  • Barrier membrane worn away i.e. caused by traumatic toothbrushing
  • Vitality of tooth compromised in furcation involved teeth
  • Unfavourable gingival adaptation which can be of aesthetic concern
  • Dentine hypersensitivity
  • Require long term professional maintenance
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See also

References
  1. Larsen P, Ghali GE (2004). Peterson's Principals of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Hamilton, Ont: B.C. Decker. ISBN 978-1-55009-234-9.
  2. Hurley LA, Stinchfield FE, Bassett AL, Lyon WH (October 1959). "The role of soft tissues in osteogenesis. An experimental study of canine spine fusions". The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 41-A: 1243–54. doi:10.2106/00004623-195941070-00007. PMID 13852565.
  3. Melcher AH (May 1976). "On the repair potential of periodontal tissues". Journal of Periodontology. 47 (5): 256–60. doi:10.1902/jop.1976.47.5.256. PMID 775048.
  4. Mützel W, Tillmann K, Gerhards E (February 1979). "[Time of persistence of fluocortolone hexanoate in the knee-joint after intra-articular injection (author's transl)]". Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift. 104 (8): 293–5. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1103897. PMID 761531.
  5. Needleman IG, Worthington HV, Giedrys-Leeper E, Tucker RJ (April 2006). "Guided tissue regeneration for periodontal infra-bony defects". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2): CD001724. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001724.pub2. PMID 16625546.
  6. Wang HL, Boyapati L (March 2006). ""PASS" principles for predictable bone regeneration". Implant Dentistry. 15 (1): 8–17. doi:10.1097/01.id.0000204762.39826.0f. PMID 16569956.
  7. Liu J, Kerns DG (May 2014). "Mechanisms of guided bone regeneration: a review". The Open Dentistry Journal. 8: 56–65. doi:10.2174/1874210601408010056. PMC 4040931. PMID 24894890.
  8. Needleman, Ian; Worthington, Helen V; Giedrys-Leeper, Elaine; Tucker, Richard (2006-04-19). Cochrane Oral Health Group (ed.). "Guided tissue regeneration for periodontal infra-bony defects". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2): CD001724. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001724.pub2. PMID 16625546.
  9. Nyman S, Lindhe J, Karring T, Rylander H (July 1982). "New attachment following surgical treatment of human periodontal disease". Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 9 (4): 290–6. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051X.1982.tb02095.x. PMID 6964676.
  10. Gottlow J, Nyman S, Karring T, Lindhe J (September 1984). "New attachment formation as the result of controlled tissue regeneration". Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 11 (8): 494–503. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051X.1984.tb00901.x. PMID 6384274.
  11. Gottlow J, Nyman S, Lindhe J, Karring T, Wennström J (July 1986). "New attachment formation in the human periodontium by guided tissue regeneration. Case reports". Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 13 (6): 604–16. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051X.1986.tb00854.x. PMID 3462208.
  12. Klokkevold PR, Newman MC, Takei HH (2006). Carranza's Clinical Periodontology. Philadelphia: Saunders. ISBN 978-1-4160-2400-2.
  13. Clinical periodontology and implant dentistry. Lindhe, Jan., Lang, Niklaus Peter., Karring, Thorkild. (5th ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Munksgaard. 2008. ISBN 978-1405160995. OCLC 171258234.CS1 maint: others (link)
  14. "Bone Grafts For Implant Dentistry: The Basics". Oral Health Group. 9 December 2015. Retrieved 2019-01-29.
  15. Barbu H, Comăneanu M, Bucur M (Mar 2012). "Guided Bone Regeneration in severely resorbed maxilla". Rev. chir. oro-maxilo-fac. implantol. (in Romanian). 3 (1): 24–29. ISSN 2069-3850. 61. Retrieved 2012-08-30.(webpage has a translation button)
  16. Needleman IG, Worthington HV, Giedrys-Leeper E, Tucker RJ (April 2006). "Guided tissue regeneration for periodontal infra-bony defects". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2): CD001724. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001724.pub2. PMID 16625546.
  17. Dahlin, Christer; Gottlow, Jan; Linde, Anders; Nyman, Sture (January 1990). "Healing of Maxillary and Mandibular Bone Defects Using a Membrane Technique: An Experimental Study in Monkeys". Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery. 24 (1): 13–19. doi:10.3109/02844319009004514. ISSN 0284-4311. PMID 2389116.
  18. Liu, Jie; Kerns, David G (2014-05-16). "Mechanisms of Guided Bone Regeneration: A Review". The Open Dentistry Journal. 8 (Suppl 1): 56–65. doi:10.2174/1874210601408010056. ISSN 1874-2106. PMC 4040931. PMID 24894890.
  19. Dahlin, C; Linde, A; Gottlow, J; Nyman, S (May 1988). "Healing of bone defects by guided tissue regeneration". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 81 (5): 672–676. doi:10.1097/00006534-198805000-00004. PMID 3362985.
  20. Buser, D.; Brägger, U.; Lang, N. P.; Nyman, S. (1990). "Regeneration and enlargement of jaw bone using guided tissue regeneration". Clinical Oral Implants Research. 1 (1): 22–32. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0501.1990.010104.x. ISSN 1600-0501. PMID 2099209.
  21. Esposito M, Grusovin MG, Papanikolaou N, Coulthard P, Worthington HV (October 2009). "Enamel matrix derivative (Emdogain(R)) for periodontal tissue regeneration in intrabony defects". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (4): CD003875. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003875.pub3. PMC 6786880. PMID 19821315.
  22. Arunjaroensuk S, Panmekiate S, Pimkhaokham A (2017-10-13). "The Stability of Augmented Bone Between Two Different Membranes Used for Guided Bone Regeneration Simultaneous with Dental Implant Placement in the Esthetic Zone". The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants. 33 (1): 206–216. doi:10.11607/jomi.5492. PMID 29028848.
  23. Bateman G, Saha S, Chapple IL (2007). Contemporary periodontal surgery: an illustrated guide to the art behind the science. London: Quintessence. ISBN 9781850971238.
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