Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex

The Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex (GDSCC), commonly called the Goldstone Observatory, is a satellite ground station located in the Mojave Desert near Barstow in the U.S. state of California. Operated by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), its main purpose is to track and communicate with space missions. It is named after Goldstone, California, a nearby gold-mining ghost town.[3]

Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex

The 70m antenna at Goldstone
Alternative names	Goldstone Observatory
Organization	California Institute of Technology Jet Propulsion Laboratory NASA
Observatory code	252, 253, 257
Location	Mojave Desert, California
Coordinates	35°25′36″N 116°53′24″W
Altitude	2,950 ft (900 m)
Established	1958
Website	www.gdscc.nasa.gov
Telescopes	DSS 11 DSS 14
Location of Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex
Related media on Wikimedia Commons
Pioneer Deep Space Station
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. National Historic Landmark
Location	Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex, Fort Irwin, California, United States
Coordinates	35°23′21.41″N 116°51′22.31″W
Area	less than 1 acre (0.40 ha)
Built	1958 (1958)
Architect	U.S. Army
NRHP reference No.	85002813
Significant dates
Added to NRHP	October 3, 1985[1]
Designated NHL	October 3, 1985[2]

The complex includes the Pioneer Deep Space Station (aka DSS 11), which is a U.S. National Historic Landmark. The station is one of three[4] satellite communication stations in the NASA Deep Space Network (DSN), whose mission is to provide the vital two-way communications link that tracks and controls interplanetary spacecraft and receives the images and scientific information they collect. The others are the Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex in Spain and the Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex in Australia. These three stations are located at separations of approximately 120° longitude so that as the Earth rotates a spacecraft will always be in sight of at least one station.

Antennas

Five large parabolic (dish) antennas are located at the Goldstone site to handle the workload, since at any given time the DSN is responsible for maintaining communication with up to 30 spacecraft. The antennas function similarly to a home satellite dish. However, since the spacecraft they communicate with are much further away than the communication satellites which home satellite dishes use, the signals received are much weaker, requiring a larger aperture antenna to gather enough radio energy to make them intelligible. The largest, a 70-meter (230 ft) Cassegrain antenna, is used for communication with space missions to the outer planets, such as the Voyager spacecraft, which, at 21.5 billion kilometers, is the most distant manmade object from Earth. The radio frequencies used for spacecraft communication are in the microwave part of the radio spectrum; S band (2.29–2.30 GHz), X band (8.40–8.50 GHz) and Ka band (31.8–32.3 GHz). In addition to receiving radio signals from the spacecraft (downlink signals), the antennas also transmit commands to the spacecraft (uplink signals) with high power radio transmitters powered by klystron tubes.

A major goal in the design of the station is to reduce interference with the weak incoming downlink radio signals by natural and manmade radio noise. The remote Mojave Desert location was chosen because it is far from manmade sources of radio noise such as motor vehicles. The RF front ends of the radio receivers at the dishes use ruby masers, consisting of a bar of synthetic ruby cooled by liquid helium to 4.5 K to minimize the noise introduced by the electronics.

When not needed for spacecraft communication, the Goldstone antennas are used as sensitive radio telescopes for astronomical research, such as mapping quasars and other celestial radio sources; radar mapping planets, the Moon, comets and asteroids; spotting comets and asteroids with the potential to strike Earth; and the search for ultra-high energy neutrino interactions in the Moon by using large-aperture radio antennas.[5]

Antennas at Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex
Name	Diameter	Description
DSS 12: "Echo"	34m	Decommissioned in 2012.
DSS 13: "Venus"	34m	Beam waveguide antenna (BWG) on altazimuth mount, located in Venus, California. ~910 m^2 aperture.
DSS 14: "Mars"	70m	Cassegrain reflector on Alt/Az mount. ~3850 m^2 aperture.
DSS 15: "Uranus"	34m	"High Efficiency" reflector on Alt/Az mount
DSS 24, 25, 26: "Apollo"	34 m	BWG reflector on Alt/Az mount
DSS 27, 28: "Gemini"	34 m	BWG reflector on "High Speed" Alt/Az mount

History

The Goldstone complex was created in 1958 by the JPL to support the Pioneer program of deep space exploration probes. Its location was determined by two criteria: a bowl-shaped environment was needed, and it needed to be distant from terrestrial sources of radio interference. This site, on the grounds of Fort Irwin in the Mojave Desert, was found to meet the criteria. Construction of the first radio telescope, DSS 11 or the Pioneer Deep Space Station, was begun by the United States Army and taken over by NASA after its creation. It is a 26-metre (85 ft) parabolic Cassegrain antenna capable of receiving signals in the 1 to 3 GHz range.[6] It was taken out of service in 1981, having been technologically bypassed by later telescopes. It was recognized as a National Historic Landmark in 1985 for its pioneering role in deep space exploration.[7]

"Goldstone has the bird"

It is commonly believed that the first American satellite, Explorer 1, was confirmed to be in orbit by the use of the phrase "Goldstone has the bird".[8] However, Goldstone was not in operation at the time of Explorer 1, and like many oft-repeated quotations it is incorrect. Others claim that the actual phrase was "Gold has it!",[9] incorrectly identifying "Gold" as a temporary tracking station at Earthquake Valley, east of Julian, California. In fact, Gold Station was located at the Air Force Missile Test Center (AFMTC) in Florida and the temporary tracking station at Earthquake Valley was Red Station.[10] Probably this detection of the Explorer 1 signal was actually made at the Minitrack station at Brown Field, a US Navy airfield near San Diego. This station was later moved to Goldstone, accounting for the error.

Complex tours

The Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex no longer offers tours for the public. However, there is a Visitor Center located in Harvey House, 681 North First Avenue, Barstow, CA 92311.[11]

In popular culture

The 70m dish also known as Mars or DSS14 is featured in the opening sequences of the 1968 film Ice Station Zebra.

See also

• List of radio telescopes
• Apollo 11 missing tapes

References

1. "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007.
2. "Apollo Deep Space Station". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on 2007-07-01. Retrieved 2008-03-20.
3. Goldstone gold mining
4. GDSCC Overview Archived 2015-07-21 at the Wayback Machine
5. "A Search for Ultra-High Energy Neutrino Interactions in the Moon Using Large-Aperture Radio Antennas". University of California, Los Angeles. Retrieved 2008-03-28.
6. "NHL nomination for Pioneer Deep Space Station". National Park Service. Retrieved 2018-02-01.
7. "History of GDSCC". NASA. Retrieved 2018-02-01.
8. Medaris, John B. (1960). Countdown for Decision. New York, New York: G. P. Putnam & Sons. ISBN 978-1124155661.
9. The First Explorer Satellites lecture by George H. Luwig, 9 Oct 2004
10. Juno I: Re-entry Test Vehicles and Explorer Satellites, p.56
11. https://www.gdscc.nasa.gov/?page_id=35

External links

• Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex Website
• JPL's Deep Space Network Now
• JPL: Images of the Deep Space Network Goldstone, California
• Historic 'Mars antenna' in Mojave Desert undergoing repairs (Los Angeles Times, October 3, 2010)