Geothermal power in the United Kingdom

The potential for exploiting geothermal energy in the United Kingdom on a commercial basis was initially examined by the Department of Energy in the wake of the 1973 oil crisis. Several regions of the country were identified, but interest in developing them was lost as petroleum prices fell. Although the UK is not actively volcanic,[1] a large heat resource is potentially available via shallow geothermal ground source heat pumps, shallow aquifers and deep saline aquifers in the mesozoic basins of the UK.[2] Geothermal energy is plentiful beneath the UK, although it is not readily accessible currently except in specific locations.[3]

Southampton District Energy Scheme

History

Ancient legend credited the early Celtic kings with the discovery of the thermal springs at the Roman Baths in Aquae Sulis (modern city of Bath) which then fell into disrepair during the Dark Ages and were not rediscovered until the 18th century, along with the springs at Buxton in the Peak District.

The geothermal potential of the UK was investigated by a program funded by the UK government and the European Commission that ran from 1977 until 1994,[4] and saw a Hot Dry Rock experiment drilled in Carnmenellis granite of Cornwall. The project, which was never intended to produce electricity, was a rock mechanics experiment to research the hydraulic stimulation of fracture networks at temperatures below 100˚C. Three wells were drilled to a total vertical depth of 2.6 km where the bottom-hole temperature was around 100˚C. In 1994, the Hot Dry Rock project was closed, and research effort was transferred to the European Geothermal Project at Soultz-sous-Forêts.[4]

Geothermal energy development in the UK has been limited, partly due to the lack of high enthalpy resources, but also due to the availability of cheap fossil fuels.[4] However, when comparisons are made to countries in a similar tectonic setting, it is clear that the UK is underutilizing this potential resource. The lack of geothermal development has largely been a result of the availability of North Sea natural gas during the 1980s and 1990s.[4]

Interest in the geothermal energy resources of the UK rose again in the 2000s, as a potential way of addressing some of the UK's "energy gap"

Solar (shallow geothermal) energy

There is what may be mistakenly known as geothermal energy at shallow depths but it is technically solar energy; the upper 10–15 m of ground is heated by solar radiation and not (except in rare exceptions) geothermal energy. This acts a heat store and can be exploited in a number of different ways. This heat can be utilised by ground source heat pumps that can substantially reduce heating bills and reduce the associated carbon footprint. The heat from the sun is conducted downwards into the ground. At a depth of about 15 metres, ground temperatures are not influenced by seasonal air temperature changes and tend to remain stable all year around at about the mean annual air temperature (9–13 °C in the UK). Hence, the ground at this depth is cooler than the air in summer and warmer than the air in winter. This temperature difference is exploited by ground source heat pumps that are used for heating and/or cooling of homes and office buildings.[5]

Aquifer-based schemes

Groundwater in Permo-Triassic sandstones in the UK has the potential to provide an exploitable geothermal resource at depths of between 1 and 3 km. Since 1979 the basins of principal interest are East Yorkshire and Lincolnshire, Wessex, Worcester, Cheshire, West Lancashire, Carlisle, and basins in Northern Ireland. In addition, some of these basins are in areas of elevated heat flow, or are overlain by less thermally conductive strata, providing in effect an insulating layer.[5] The following table lists the primary UK Geothermal aquifer resources[5] for areas where the temperature is greater than 40 °C and the transmissivity is greater than 10 Dm, except as indicated:

Aquifer/Basin name Geologiocal Formation Geothermal
resource
(Exa-joules)		 Identified
resource(1)
(Exa-joules)		 Depth (m)
East Yorkshire and Lincolnshire Sherwood Sandstone 99 6.7 ?
Basal Permian Sands 6.7 0.9(2) ?
Wessex Sherwood Sandstone 22.9 3.2(3) 1,700 to 2,200
Worcester Permo-Triassic (undifferentiated) 12 1.4 2,500
Cheshire Sherwood Sandstone 16.9 2.1 4,000
Permian, including some Triassic 27.9 3.8 4,000
Northern Ireland Sherwood Sandstone 35.4 4.7 ?
(1) Identified resource calculated assuming an end of process heat rejection temperature of 30 °C; direct use of the fluid, and re-injection of the fluid after use.

(2) Transmissivity ≥5 Dm
(3) In part of area transmissivity 5 to 10 Dm
Note: 1 exa-joule=1018joules

Southampton District Heating Scheme
Main article: Southampton District Energy Scheme

In the 1980s, the United Kingdom Department of Energy undertook a research and development programme to examine the potential of geothermal aquifers in the UK. However, after some initial success drilling a well in the Wessex Basin in 1981, it was deemed too small to be commercially viable. The project was abandoned by the Department of Energy, but Southampton City Council refused to let the project fall and took the decision to create the UK's first geothermal power scheme. This was undertaken as part of a plan to become a ‘self sustaining city’ in energy generation, promoted by then leader of the city council Alan Whitehead. The scheme was eventually developed in conjunction with French-owned company COFELY District Energy and the Southampton Geothermal Heating Company was then established. Construction started in 1987 on a well to draw water from the Wessex Basin aquifer at a depth of 1,800 metres and a temperature of 76 °C.[6]

The scheme now heats a number of buildings in the city centre, including the Southampton Civic Centre, the WestQuay shopping centre, Royal South Hants Hospital, Solent University and the Carnival offices; and is part of an enlarged city centre district heating system that includes other combined heating, cooling and power sources.[7][8] As of 2011 the district heating and cooling scheme provides annually 26GWh of electricity and over 40 GWh of heat.[9] Brine from the geothermal well provided 18% of the total district heating mix, with fuel oil (10%) and natural gas (70%) making up the rest. The electricity generated from the scheme is used by Associated British Ports via a private electrical connection to the Port of Southampton, with any surplus electricity sold back to the grid.[7]

Stoke-on-Trent

In 2014, Stoke-on-Trent City Council announced plans for a £52m project to create a district heating network powered by geothermal energy.[10] This will provide heating, in the form of hot water, to local customers. Work started in 2017 and the first customers will be connected in early 2019.[11][12]

Other

Another area with great potential for geothermal energy is in the North Sea, on the continental shelf where the Earth's crust is thin (less than 10 kilometres). The offshore platforms extract hydrocarbons from this region, but each year the output falls by 5% and soon it will be uneconomic to continue using these platforms for fossil fuel extraction. An alternate use could be geothermal power generation. A 1986 work on this was undertaken by Total Energy Conservation and Management Co. Ltd. An overview document was produced called "Single Borehole Geothermal Energy Extraction System for Electrical Power Generation".

Hot rock schemes
Rosemanowes geothermal energy plant 1983

The average geothermal gradient in the UK is 26˚C per km depth.[5] There is no deep geothermal power generation in the UK. The granite regions of South West England, the Lake District and Weardale and the Eastern Highlands of Scotland are considered most likely to have the best prospects for power generation.[13] In addition to using geothermally heated aquifers, Hot-Dry-Rock geothermal technology can be used to heat water pumped below ground onto geothermally heated rock. Starting in 1977, trials of the technology were undertaken at Rosemanowes Quarry, near Penryn, Cornwall.

Heat-only projects are generally considered to have the greatest potential in the UK because the resource is more widespread and shallower. This includes the hot aquifers (i.e. subterranean bodies of water) in the North East, Wessex, Cheshire, and Northern Ireland. The UK's only existing geothermal heat-generating station (heat only) is at Southampton, where an 1800-metre borehole taps into the edge of the aquifer under Wessex and provides heat to the Southampton district heat network. The borehole is being refurbished.[13]

In 2008 a planning application was submitted for a hot rocks project on the site of a former cement works at Eastgate, near Stanhope in County Durham. The geothermal plant will heat the Eastgate Renewable Energy Village, the UK's first geothermal energy model village.[14]. However this was shelved in 2010.[15]

In 2010 planning permission for a commercial-scale geothermal power plant was granted by Cornwall Council.[16] The plant will be constructed on the United Downs industrial estate near Redruth by Geothermal Engineering. The plant will produce 3MW of renewable electricity. Drilling commenced at the site in November 2018.[17]

In December 2010, the Eden Project in Cornwall was given permission to build a Hot Rock Geothermal Plant. Drilling was planned to start in 2011, but as of May 2018, funding is still being sought.[18] The plant will be on the north side of the Eden Project, a showcase for environmental projects at Bodelva, near St Austell. It should produce 3-4 megawatts of electricity for use by Eden with a surplus, enough for about 3,500 houses, going into the National Grid.[19][20]

Deep geothermal energy in the UK

The Deep Geothermal Challenge Fund of the Department of Energy and Climate Change has provided more than £4.5 million in grants to support the following projects:[13] Power projects

  • United Downs near Redruth, Cornwall – £1.475m in 2009
  • Eden Project near St Austell, Cornwall – £2.011m in 2009
Newcastle Science Central geothermal site

Heat-only projects

  • Southampton City Centre – £200,000 in 2010.
  • Eastgate in Weardale, County Durham – £461,000 in 2009
  • Science Central site, Newcastle City Centre – £400,000 in 2010

In early 2013 the government pulled a multimillion-pound grant from Geothermal Engineering Ltd, which seemed to put to an end the UK's first commercial hot rocks power scheme, The £50m United Downs project, after the company failed to secure the necessary additional investment to meet the terms of the grant.[21]

Newcastle University Science Central Borehole Project, at 1800 m is the deepest geothermal well drilled for nearly 30 years.[22][23] built on the former Tyne Brewery in the city. The temperature profile of 3.9˚C/100m is higher than that found in Weardale.[24] The project failed as flow rates of hot water from the borehole were not great enough to be exploitable, leaving the development to be heated by conventional sources.[25]

Potential

A report for the Renewable Energy Association prepared by the engineering consultants Sinclair Knight Merz in 2012[26] identified the following key findings:

  • The resource is widely spread around the UK with ‘hotspots’ in Cornwall, Weardale, Lake District, East Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, Cheshire, Worcester, Dorset, Hampshire, Northern Ireland and Scotland;
  • Cost reduction potential is exceptionally high;
  • Deep geothermal resources could provide 9.5GW of baseload renewable electricity – equivalent to nearly nine nuclear power stations – which could generate 20% of the UK's current annual electricity consumption;
  • Deep geothermal resources could provide over 100GW of heat, which could supply sufficient heat to meet the space heating demand in the UK;
  • Despite this significant potential, the UK support regime is uncompetitive with other European countries.

Memorandum of understanding with the Icelandic Government

On 30 May 2012, the UK government signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the Icelandic government on a number of energy issues, including supporting the development of deep geothermal energy in the UK.[13]

  • To exchange information on the development of the deep geothermal sector in the UK, including in the supply of heat to district heating networks;
  • To explore the possibility of developing electricity interconnection between Iceland and the UK, including relevant legal and regulatory issues;
gollark: Here's how you make a fission reactor controller!
gollark: Observe, nuclear power.
gollark: Clearly we should switch to IRC, then.
gollark: Cool.
gollark: You know *multiple* people who worked on nuclear weapons?

See also

References
  1. "Geothermal energy — what is it?". British Geological Survey. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
  2. Busby, Jon. "Deep Geothermal energy and groundwater in the UK" (PDF). British Geological Survey. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
  3. "Research Atlas: RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES - Geothermal Energy". UK Energy Research Centre. Retrieved 23 June 2013.
  4. Busby, Jon (25–29 April 2010). "Geothermal Prospects in the United Kingdom" (PDF). Proceedings World Geothermal Congress. Bali, Indonesia. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
  5. "Evaluation of the Permo-Triassic Sandstones of the UK as Geothermal Aquifers; by D.J. Allen, I.N. Gale & M. Price; British Geological Survey; 1985" (PDF). Retrieved 12 February 2011.
  6. "Geothermal Energy in the United Kingdom - Southampton District heating scheme" (PDF). Retrieved 12 February 2011.
  7. "Southampton City Council webpage describing the scheme". Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
  8. EU Case Study: Geothermal District Heating Project, Southampton
  9. https://web.archive.org/web/20131217041616/http://www.southampton.gov.uk/Images/District%20Energy%20Scheme%202011_tcm46-299457.pdf
  10. "Could a 350 million-year-old volcano heat Stoke-on-Trent?", The Sentinel, 25 September 2014
  11. http://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/stoke-on-trent-preparing-work-on-geothermal-district-heating-network/%22Stoke-on-Trent+preparing+work+on+geothermal+district+heating+network%22.
  12. "Experts to be paid more than £50 MILLION to develop Stoke-on-Trent's 'heat network'".
  13. "Increasing the use of low-carbon technologies: Geothermal energy". gov.uk. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
  14. 'Hot rocks' found at cement plant
  15. "£2m spent on Eastgate Renewable Energy Village, at Stanhope". Retrieved 27 November 2018.
  16. "'Hot rocks' geothermal energy plant promises a UK first for Cornwall". Western Morning News. 17 August 2010. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
  17. "Drilling starts at Cornish geothermal electricity plant". Retrieved 27 November 2018.
  18. http://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/geothermal-power-project-at-eden-project-in-cornwall-seeking-local-funding/
  19. "Eden Project geothermal plant plans to go ahead". BBC News. 18 December 2010.
  20. "Eden Deep Geothermal Energy Project". Retrieved 4 June 2012.
  21. Shankleman, Jessica (8 April 2013). "Under pressure - UK deep geothermal industry faces uncertain future". Business Green. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
  22. "Science Central Borehole Project". Newcastle Institute for Research on Sustainability. Archived from the original on 1 April 2013. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
  23. "BritGeothermal". British Geological Survey. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
  24. "Hotter than hoped!". Prof. Paul Younger Blog. Archived from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
  25. Proctor, Kate (28 November 2014). "Giant 2km borehole project fails to bring hot water to Newcastle businesses". chroniclelive. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
  26. "Deep geothermal resource has potential to produce up to 20% of UK electricity and heat for millions". Renewable Energy Association. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
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