Genetically modified mammal

Genetically modified mammals are mammals that have been genetically engineered. They are an important category of genetically modified organisms. The majority of research involving genetically modified mammals involves mice with attempts to produce knockout animals in other mammalian species limited by the inability to derive and stably culture embryonic stem cells.[1]

Part of a series on
Genetic engineering
 
Genetically modified organisms
History and regulation
Process
Applications
Controversies

Usage

The majority of genetically modified mammals are used in research to investigate changes in phenotype when specific genes are altered. This can be used to discover the function of an unknown gene, any genetic interactions that occur or where the gene is expressed. Genetic modification can also produce mammals that are susceptible to certain compounds or stresses for testing in biomedical research.[2] Some genetically modified mammals are used as models of human diseases and potential treatments and cures can first be tested on them. Other mammals have been engineered with the aim of potentially increasing their use to medicine and industry. These possibilities include pigs expressing human antigens aiming to increasing the success of xenotransplantation[3] to lactating mammals expressing useful proteins in their milk.[4]

Mice
Main article: Genetically modified mouse

Genetically modified mice are often used to study cellular and tissue-specific responses to disease (cf knockout mouse). This is possible since mice can be created with the same mutations that occur in human genetic disorders, the production of the human disease in these mice then allows treatments to be tested.[5]

The oncomouse is a type of laboratory mouse that has been genetically modified developed by Philip Leder and Timothy A. Stewart of Harvard University to carry a specific gene called an activated oncogene.[6]

Metabolic supermice are the creation of a team of American scientists led by Richard Hanson, professor of biochemistry at Case Western Reserve University at Cleveland, Ohio.[7][8] The aim of the research was to gain a greater understanding of the PEPCK-C enzyme, which is present mainly in the liver and kidneys.

Rats

A knockout rat is a rat with a single gene disruption used for academic and pharmaceutical research.[9][10][11][12]

Goats

BioSteel is a trademark name for a high-strength based fiber material made of the recombinant spider silk-like protein extracted from the milk of transgenic goats, made by Nexia Biotechnologies. The company has successfully generated distinct lines of goats that produce in their milk recombinant versions of either the MaSpI or MaSpII dragline silk proteins, respectively. Nexia Biotechnologies, however, went bankrupt and is no longer company.[13]

Pigs

The enviropig is the trademark for a genetically modified line of Yorkshire pigs with the capability to digest plant phosphorus more efficiently than ordinary unmodified pigs that was developed at the University of Guelph.[14] Enviropigs produce the enzyme phytase in the salivary glands that is secreted in the saliva.

In 2006 the scientists from National Taiwan University's Department of Animal Science and Technology managed to breed three green-glowing pigs using green fluorescent protein.[15] Fluorescent pigs can be used to study human organ transplants,[16] regenerating ocular photoreceptor cells,[17] neuronal cells in the brain,[17] regenerative medicine via stem cells,[18] tissue engineering,[19] and other diseases.

In 2015, researchers at the Beijing Genomics Institute used transcription activator-like effector nucleases to create a miniature version of the Bama breed of pigs, and offered them for sale to consumers.[20]

In 2017 scientists at the Roslin Institute of the University of Edinburgh, reported they had bred pigs with a modified CD163 gene. These pigs were completely resistant to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome, a disease that causes major losses in the world-wide pig industry.[21]

Cattle

Herman the Bull was in 1991 the first genetically modified or transgenic bovine in the world.[22][23] The announcement of Herman's creation caused an ethical storm.[24]

Dogs

Ruppy (short for Ruby Puppy) was in 2009 the world's first Genetically modified dog.[25] A cloned beagle, Ruppy and four other beagles produced a fluorescent protein that glowed red upon excitation with ultraviolet light.[26] It was hoped to use this procedure to investigate the effect of the hormone oestrogen on fertility.[26]

A team in China reported in 2015 that they had genetically engineered beagles to have twice the normal muscle mass, inserting a natural myostatin gene mutation taken from whippets.[27][28]

Primates

In 2009 scientists in Japan announced that they had successfully transferred a gene into a primate species (marmosets) and produced a stable line of breeding transgenic primates for the first time. It was hoped that this would aid research into human diseases that cannot be studied in mice, for example Huntington's disease, strokes,[29][30] Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia.[31]

Cats

In 2011 a Japanese-American Team created genetically modified green-fluorescent cats in order to find therapies for HIV/AIDS and other diseases[32] as Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is related to HIV.[33]

gollark: ```(angel -97392)(tit-for-tat -83669)(devil -85670)(time-machine -78224)(tat-for-tit -112052)(grudger -68152)(random-choice -104122)(apl -97870)(angry-tit-for-tat -92851)(forgiving-grudge -66681)(meapiometics -79127)```
gollark: ```scheme(define get-repeated-score (lambda (strategy accumulator counter) (if (= counter 0) accumulator (get-repeated-score strategy (+ accumulator (get-strategy-scores strategy)) (- counter 1)))))(define get-all-scores (lambda () (define helper (lambda (x) (write (list (car x) (get-repeated-score x 0 49))) (newline))) (map helper strategies)))```Put in this if you want cool BIGGER scores.
gollark: By somewhat narrow margins, but it consistently beats the normal grudger.
gollark: And my slightly improved grudger... wins utterly, great.
gollark: I'll make it run 50 times and sum them.

References
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