General Intelligence and Security Service

The General Intelligence and Security Service (Dutch: Algemene Inlichtingen- en Veiligheidsdienst (AIVD), Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɑlɣəmeːnə ˈʔɪnlɪxtɪŋə(n) ɛn ˈvɛiləxɦɛitsdinst]) is the intelligence and security agency of the Netherlands, tasked with domestic, foreign and signals intelligence and protecting national security. It can be seen as the Dutch equivelant of the FBI, although it does not have any law enforcement capabilities itself.

General Intelligence and Security Service
Dutch: Algemene Inlichtingen- en Veiligheidsdienst
(AIVD)
Logo of the General Intelligence and Security Service

Headquarters of the General Intelligence and Security Service
Agency overview
Formed30 May 2002 (2002-05-30)
Preceding
  • Binnenlandse Veiligheidsdienst
HeadquartersEuropaweg 4, Zoetermeer, Netherlands
Employeesapprx. 2,000
Annual budget€ 249,167,000
(FY2018)
Minister responsible
Agency executives
  • Erik Akerboom, Director-General
  • Marja Horstman, Deputy Director-General
Parent departmentMinistry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations
WebsiteGeneral Intelligence and Security Service (in English)

History

Its predecessor was the 1945–1947 Bureau of National Security (Dutch: Bureau voor Nationale Veiligheid and later known as the Domestic Security Service (Dutch: Binnenlandse Veiligheidsdienst (BVD)). For the gathering of intelligence abroad, the Foreign Intelligence Service (Buitenlandse Inlichtingendienst or BID, renamed to Inlichtingendienst Buitenland (IDB) in 1972) had existed since 1946. This service was located in Villa Maarheeze in Wassenaar, just north of The Hague. IDB was dissolved in 1994 after heavy internal turmoil. The foreign intelligence task was eventually handed over to the BVD, which in doing so turned into a combined intelligence and security service. For this reason, it was rebranded Algemene Inlichtingen- en Veiligheidsdienst (AIVD) on 29 May 2002.

Mission

The AIVD focuses mostly on domestic non-military threats to Dutch national security, whereas the Military Intelligence and Security Service (MIVD) focuses on international threats, specifically military and government-sponsored threats such as espionage. The AIVD is charged with collecting intelligence and assisting in combating domestic and foreign threats to national security.

List of directors-general
TenureName
2011–2018Rob Bertholee[1]
2018–2020Drs. H.W.M. (Dick) Schoof[2][3][4]
2020-presentErik Akerboom

Oversight and accountability

The Minister of the Interior and Kingdom Relations is politically responsible for the AIVD's actions. Oversight is provided by three bodies:

  • A review board for the use of special powers by intelligence and security services (Dutch: Toetsingscommissie Inzet Bevoegdheden, TIB) appointed by the Second Chamber of the States General.
  • An oversight committee (Dutch: Commissie van Toezicht op de Inlichtingen- en Veiligheidsdiensten, CTIVD) also appointed by the Second Chamber of the States General.
  • The Committee for the Intelligence and Security Services (Dutch: Commissie voor de Inlichtingen- en Veiligheidsdiensten, CIVD), comprising the leaders of all political parties represented in the Second Chamber of the States General, although until 2009 the Socialist Party (SP) was not and did not want to be part of this committee.[5]

The AIVD publishes an annual report which includes its budget. The published version contains redactions where information is deemed sensitive.

The AIVD can be forced by the courts to publish any records held on a private citizen, but it may keep secret information that is relevant to current cases. No information that is less than five years old will be provided under any circumstance to private citizens about their records.

Activities

Its main activities include:

  • monitoring specific people and groups of people, such as political extremists and religious extremists
  • sourcing intelligence to and from foreign and domestic intelligence services
  • performing background checks on individuals employed in "positions of trust," specifically public office and higher-up or privileged positions in industry (such as telecommunications, banks, and the largest companies) – this ironically includes members of parliamentary oversight committees
  • investigating incidents such as terrorist bombings and threats
  • giving advice and warning about risks to national security, including advising on the protection of national leadership
  • Netherlands National Communications Security Agency, advising on communication security for government users

Methods and authorities

Its methods and authorities include:

  • telephone and internet taps authorized by the minister of internal affairs (as opposed to a court order)
  • infiltration (rarely by employees of the service, but rather by outsiders who would have easy access to a particular group)
  • the use of informants (existing members of groups that are recruited)
  • open sources intelligence
  • unfettered access to police intelligence
  • the use of foreign intelligence service liaisons who reside in the Netherlands under a diplomatic status (including full diplomatic immunity) to collect intelligence in excess of the AIVD's authority

The latter is technically the same as sourcing intelligence from a foreign intelligence service; this method has not been confirmed.

The AIVD operates in tight concert with the Regional Intelligence Service (Regionale Inlichtingen Dienst, RID), to which members of the police are appointed in every police district. It also co-operates with over one hundred intelligence services.

Criticism

The service has been criticized for:

  • Soon after the arrest of the Dutch businessman Frans van Anraat, who has been convicted of complicity in war crimes for selling raw materials for the production of chemical weapons to Iraq during the reign of Saddam Hussein, Dutch newspapers reported that van Anraat had been an informer of the Dutch secret service AIVD and has enjoyed AIVD's protection.
  • letting go of Abdul Qadeer Khan, who stole Dutch nuclear knowledge and used it for Pakistan to produce its nuclear bomb. However, former Prime Minister of the Netherlands Ruud Lubbers claimed in 2005 that this was done on a foreign request.[6]
  • not having enough focus and intelligence on Islamist groups, particularly following the September 11, 2001, attacks and the murder of Theo van Gogh by Mohammed Bouyeri, a member of the Hofstad Network of Islamist terrorism
  • not having enough focus and intelligence on political violence or environmental groups, particularly following the murder of Pim Fortuyn by an environmental radical
  • delivering hand grenades to members of the Hofstadgroep through alleged informer Saleh Bouali
  • investigating family members of the Queen that had had a family rift (Princess Margarita and Edwin De Roy van Zuydewijn), though this was not ordered by the minister of internal affairs, but rather by the Queen's office
  • losing a laptop and a floppy disk with classified information from a regional office of the AIVD. The disk was found by an employee of a car rental agency, and subsequently given to Dutch crime-journalist Peter R. de Vries. Information on the disks indicated that the service collected information on Dutch politician Pim Fortuyn and members of his party, as well as on left-wing activists. Among other things, the documents accuse Pim Fortuyn of having sex with underage Moroccan boys.

During the Cold War the BVD had a reputation for interviewing potential employers of persons they deemed suspicious for any reason, thereby worrying corporations about the employment of these persons. Reasons for being suspect included leftist ideals, membership of the Dutch Communist Party, or a spotty military record (such as being a conscientious objector with regard to conscription), although no evidence of the latter has ever been produced.[7]

Cozy Bear

On January 25, 2018 Dutch newspaper de Volkskrant and TV program Nieuwsuur reported that in 2014 the General Intelligence and Security Service (AIVD) successfully infiltrated the computers of Cozy Bear and observed the hacking of the head office of the Democratic National Committee and subsequently The White House and were the first to alert the National Security Agency (NSA) about the cyber-intrusion.[8]

In the Lair of the Cozy Bear is a translation of the Dutch novel In het hol van de Cozy Bear that relates the story of the infiltration of Cozy Bear told from the perspective of an American liaison officer attached to the AIVD.

gollark: Such as the experimental_qa one.
gollark: I only have access to small amounts of RAM/CPU and no GPU on my server, so unfortunately I can only run small underpowered machine learning cuboids™.
gollark: You can run equivalents to small GPT-3 on your own hardware, if your own hardware happens to have several tens of gigabytes of VRAM.
gollark: Presumably, the GPT-3 interface thingy.
gollark: GPT-2 can be excellent with sufficient task-specific tuning.

References
  1. "Curriculum Vitae of Lieutenant-General Rob Bertholee as published by the Dutch Ministry of Defence". 2019-04-27.
  2. "The AIVD: Who we are - About AIVD - AIVD". english.aivd.nl. 2015-09-07. Retrieved 2019-04-27.
  3. Justitie, Ministerie van Veiligheid en (2018-07-12). "Dick Schoof becomes Director General of the General Intelligence and Security Service". english.nctv.nl. Retrieved 2019-04-27.
  4. Koninkrijksrelaties, Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en (2018-07-06). "Dick Schoof directeur-generaal AIVD - Nieuwsbericht - Algemene Bestuursdienst". www.algemenebestuursdienst.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 2019-04-27.
  5. "Agnes Kant over toetreding tot 'Commissie Stiekem". Nederlandse Omroep Stichting. Archived from the original on 2014-02-26.
  6. John Pike (2005-08-09). "CIA asked us to let nuclear spy go, Ruud Lubbers claims". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2012-02-14.
  7. "Voorgoed ongeschikt". Geschiedenis 24. 2010-11-17. Retrieved 2012-02-14.
  8. Dutch intelligence first to alert U.S. about Russian hack of Democratic Party
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