Frederick III of Denmark

Frederick III (Danish: Frederik; 18 March 1609 – 9 February 1670[1]) was king of Denmark and Norway from 1648 until his death in 1670. He also governed under the name Frederick II as diocesan administrator (colloquially referred to as prince-bishop) of the Prince-Bishopric of Verden (1623–29 and again 1634–44), and the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen (1635–45).

Frederick III
King of Denmark and Norway (more...)
Reign	28 February 1648 – 9 February 1670
Coronation	23 November 1648
Predecessor	Christian IV
Successor	Christian V
Born	(1609-03-18)18 March 1609 Haderslevhus Castle, Haderslev, Denmark
Died	9 February 1670(1670-02-09) (aged 60) Copenhagen Castle, Copenhagen, Denmark
Burial	Roskilde Cathedral
Spouse	Sophie Amalie of Brunswick-Lüneburg ​ ( m. 1643)
Issue	Christian V of Denmark Anna Sophie, Electress of Saxony Frederica Amalia, Duchess of Holstein-Gottorp Wilhelmina Ernestina, Electress Palatine Prince George, Duke of Cumberland Ulrike Eleonora, Queen of Sweden Ulrik Frederik Gyldenløve
House	Oldenburg
Father	Christian IV of Denmark
Mother	Anne Catherine of Brandenburg
Religion	Lutheran

He instituted absolute monarchy in Denmark-Norway in 1660, confirmed by law in 1665 as the first in Western historiography. He also ordered the creation of the Throne Chair of Denmark. He was born the second-eldest son of Christian IV and Anne Catherine of Brandenburg. Frederick was only considered an heir to the throne after the death of his older brother Prince Christian in 1647.

In order to be elected king after the death of his father, Frederick conceded significant influence to the nobility. As king, he fought two wars against Sweden. He was defeated in the Dano-Swedish War of 1657–1658, but attained great popularity when he weathered the 1659 Assault on Copenhagen and won the Dano-Swedish War of 1658–1660. Later that year, Frederick used his popularity to disband the elective monarchy in favour of absolute monarchy, which lasted until 1848 in Denmark. He married Sophie Amalie of Brunswick-Lüneburg, with whom he fathered Christian V of Denmark.

Early years

Duke Frederick, painting by Pieter Isaacsz

Double portrait of Frederik III of Denmark and his wife Sofia Amalia of Braunschweig-Lyneburg, probably painted shortly after their marriage 1643.

Frederick was born at Haderslev in Slesvig, the son of Christian IV and Anne Catherine of Brandenburg. In his youth and early manhood, there was no prospect of his ascending the Danish throne, as his older brother Christian was elected heir apparent in 1608.

During his early childhood, he was raised under the supervision of Beate Huitfeldt. Frederick was educated at Sorø Academy and studied in the Netherlands and France. As a young man, he demonstrated an interest in theology, natural sciences, and Scandinavian history.[2] He was a reserved and enigmatic prince who seldom laughed, spoke little, and wrote less, a striking contrast to Christian IV. Even though he lacked the impulsive and jovial qualities of his father, Frederick possessed the compensating virtues of moderation and self-control. On 1 October 1643 Frederick wed Sophie Amalie of Brunswick-Lüneburg, the daughter of George, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, who had an energetic, passionate, and ambitious character.[3] He was an enthusiastic collector of books and his collection became the foundation for the Copenhagen Royal Library.[2]

Early offices

In his youth, Frederick became the instrument of his father's political schemes in the Holy Roman Empire. He was granted administration of the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen (1635–45), the Prince-Bishopric of Verden (1623–29 and again 1634–44), and named coadjutor of the Bishopric of Halberstadt. Thus, from an early age, he had considerable experience as an administrator.[3] At the age of eighteen, he was the chief commandant of the Bremian fortress of Stade. During the Torstenson War of 1643–45, Frederick lost control of his possessions within the empire.[2] He was then appointed commander in the royal shares in the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein by his father. His command was not successful, chiefly owing to his quarrels with the Earl-Marshal Anders Bille, who commanded the Danish forces. This was Frederick's first collision with the Danish nobility, who afterwards regarded him with extreme distrust.[3]

Reign

King Frederik III on horseback. Painting by Wolfgang Heimbach.

Proclaimed king

The death of his elder brother Christian in June 1647 opened the possibility for Frederick to be elected heir apparent to the Danish throne. However, this issue was still unsettled when Christian IV died on 28 February 1648. After long deliberation among the Danish Estates and in Rigsraadet (royal council), he was finally accepted as his father's successor. On 6 July, Frederick received the homage of his subjects, and he was crowned on 23 November. However, due to misgivings about the rule of Christian IV, as well as Frederick's previous confrontational administrations in Bremen and Verden and his quarrels with Anders Bille, he was only elected after he had signed a Haandfæstning charter.[2] The Haandfæstning included provisions curtailing the already diminished royal prerogative in favour of increased influence for the Rigsraadet.[3]

In the first years of his reign, Rigsraadet was the main power center of Danish politics. However, Frederick wielded more effective power than what the Haandfæstning officially granted. He eventually succeeded in removing the two most influential members of Rigsraadet from office in 1651: his brothers-in-law Corfitz Ulfeldt and Hannibal Sehested.[2] Ulfeldt went into exile in Sweden where he turned traitor, while Sehested was restored to favour in 1660.

Defeated by Sweden

The peace banquet (Fredstaffelet) at Frederiksborg Castle following the signing of the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658.

With all his good qualities, Frederick was not a man to recognize fully his own limitations and that of his country. But he rightly regarded the accession of Charles X of Sweden on 6 June 1654 as a source of danger to Denmark. He felt that temperament and policy would combine to make Charles an aggressive warrior-king: the only uncertainty was in which direction he would turn his arms first. Charles's invasion of Poland in July 1655 came as a distinct relief to Frederick, even though the Polish War was full of latent peril to Denmark. Frederick was resolved upon a rupture with Sweden at the first convenient opportunity. When Rigsdagen assembled on 23 February 1657, it willingly granted considerable subsidies for mobilization and other military expenses. On 23 April he received the assent of the majority of Rigsraadet to attack Sweden's German dominions. In the beginning of May, the still pending negotiations with that power were broken off, and on 1 June Frederick signed the manifesto justifying a war, which was never formally declared.[3]

The Swedish king confounded all the plans of his enemies with the March across the Belts in January and February 1658. The effect of this unheard-of achievement of crossing the frozen sea to invade Danish territory was crushing. Frederick at once sued for peace. Yielding to the persuasions of the English and French ministers, Charles finally agreed to be content with mutilating, instead of annihilating, the Danish monarchy. The Treaty of Taastrup was signed on 18 February and the Treaty of Roskilde on 26 February 1658. The conclusion of peace was followed by a remarkable episode. Frederick expressed the desire to make the personal acquaintance of his conqueror and Charles X consented to be his guest for three days, 3 March to 5 March, at Frederiksborg Palace. Splendid banquets lasting far into the night and intimate conversations between princes who had only just emerged from a mortal struggle seemed to point to nothing but peace and friendship in the future.[3]

Assault on Copenhagen repelled

Main articles: Dano-Swedish War (1658–1660) and Assault on Copenhagen (1659)

Frederick III on his white stallion at the Assault on Copenhagen. Painted by Frederik Christian Lund, 1887.

But Charles's insatiable lust for conquest and his ineradicable suspicion of Denmark induced him to endeavour to despatch an inconvenient neighbour without any reasonable cause or declaration of war in defiance of all international standards of acceptable behavior on the part of rulers. Terror was the first feeling produced at Copenhagen by the landing of the main Swedish army at Korsør on Zealand on 17 July 1658. None had anticipated the possibility of such a sudden and brutal attack, and everyone knew that the Danish capital was very inadequately fortified and garrisoned.[3]

During this war, Frederick attained great popularity in the general public, as he rebuked the advice of his counsellors to flee Copenhagen with the memorable words "I will die in my nest" and actively led the defense of the city.[2] On 8 August, representatives from all Estates in the capital urged the necessity of a vigorous resistance, and the citizens of Copenhagen, headed by the mayor Hans Nansen, protested their unshakable loyalty to the king and their determination to defend Copenhagen to the uttermost. The Danes had only three weeks of warning of the approaching danger, and the vast and dilapidated line of defence had at first only 2,000 regular defenders. But the government and the people displayed a memorable and exemplary energy under the constant supervision of the king and queen and mayor Nansen. By the beginning of September, all the breaches were repaired, the walls bristled with cannons, and 7,000 men were under arms.[3]

Frederik III during the battle of Nyborg. Painted by Wolfgang Heimbach, 1659. However Frederik III did not himself attend the battle, making this an effective piece of propaganda

So strong was the city by this time that Charles X, abandoning his original intention of carrying the place by assault, began a regular siege. This he also was forced to abandon when an auxiliary Dutch fleet reinforced and reprovisioned the garrison and defeated him on 29 October in the Battle of the Sound. The Dutch then assisted in the liberation of the Danish Isles in 1659. Thus, the Danish capital had saved the Danish monarchy.[3] The war was ended by the Treaty of Copenhagen in May 1660, which confirmed the cession of Scania, Halland, and Blekinge from the Treaty of Roskilde, while Bornholm and parts of Schleswig reverted to Denmark.[2]

Absolute monarchy

Paying homage to the hereditary king in front of the Castle of Copenhagen, 18 October 1660. Painted by Wolfgang Heimbach, 1666

Frederick III profited by his spirited defense of the common interests of the country and the dynasty. The traditional loyalty of the Danish middle classes was transformed into enthusiasm for the king personally, and for a brief period Frederick found himself the most popular man in his kingdom. He made use of his popularity by converting the elective monarchy into an absolute monarchy by the Revolution of 1660. To ensure this conversion he instituted the 1660 state of emergency in Denmark.[3] At the September 1660 gathering of the Estates, intended to solve the financial problems faced after the wars, Frederick played the different Estates against each other. He succeeded in gaining support for the hereditary monarchy, the annulment of the Haandfæstning, and the institution of absolute monarchical rule by decree.[2]

During the last ten years of his reign, the king again took a relative obscure position while the new monarchy was built up and the country tried to recover after the wars. New men came into government, which was marked by a rivalry between the ministers and councillors like Hannibal Sehested and Kristoffer Gabel.[4] Frederick concentrated on changing the administratitive structure from chancellery to resort colleges, and replaced the administrative divisions of fiefs with amt counties. In 1665, the Kongeloven (Lex Regia) was introduced: the “constitution” of Danish absolute monarchy, and the first assertion of divine right underpinned by a written constitution in Europe. It decreed that the Monarch "shall from this day forth be revered and considered the most perfect and supreme person on the Earth by all his subjects, standing above all human laws and having no judge above his person, neither in spiritual nor temporal matters, except God alone."[5][6] This law consequently authorized the king to abolish all other centers of power. Most important was the abolition of the Council of the Realm.

In 1665, Frederick had an opportunity to repay the Netherlands for their support, by protecting the Return Fleet from the Dutch East Indies from the English navy. The English had blocked the English Channel, forcing the Return Fleet to sail all around the British Isles. The Dutch took refuge in Bergen, Norway, pursued by English warships. There they were protected by the fortress at the harbor, whose commander treated them as Danish allies. The English urged Frederick to seize the Return Fleet for himself, claiming that it was more valuable than the whole of his kingdom. Instead of protecting the Dutch, Frederick agreed to collaborate with the English in seizing the Return Fleet. But before the Danish fleet or word of the deal reached Bergen, the English attacked, and were defeated in the Battle of Vågen by the Dutch, supported by the fortress.[7]

Frederick III died at Copenhagen Castle and is interred in Roskilde Cathedral.[8]

Titles and styles

Frederick's Coat of Arms

• 1 May 1648 – 9 February 1670: His Majesty the King: By the Grace of God, King of Denmark and Norway, the Wends and the Goths, Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stormarn and Dithmarschen, Count of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst.

Marriage and issue

Frederick married Sophie Amalie of Brunswick-Lüneburg in Castle Glücksburg on 1 October 1643. The marriage had been arranged in 1640. Frederick was, at the time, archbishop of Bremen and not heir to the throne, and was not expected to succeed to the throne. The couple had the following children:

Name	Birth	Death	Notes
Christian V	15 April 1646	26 August 1699	Married to Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Kassel; had issue, including the future Frederick IV
Anna Sophie	1 September 1647	1 July 1717	Married to John George III, Elector of Saxony.
Frederica Amalia	11 April 1649	30 October 1704	Married to Duke Christian Albert, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp.
Wilhelmina Ernestina	21 June 1650	22 April 1706	Married to Charles II, Elector Palatine. No issue.
George	2 April 1653	28 October 1708	Married to Anne, Queen of Great Britain. All their children died young.
Ulrika Eleonora	September 11, 1656	26 July 1693	Married King Charles XI, King of Sweden.
Frederick	11 October 1651	14 March 1652	Died in infancy.
Dorothea	16 November 1657	15 May 1658	Died in infancy.
Dates in this table are Gregorian.

Also, he had with Margarethe Pape one illegitimate son, Ulrik Frederik Gyldenløve.

Ancestry

Ancestors of Frederick III of Denmark

8. Christian III of Denmark 4. Frederick II of Denmark 9. Dorothea of Saxe-Lauenburg 2. Christian IV of Denmark 10. Ulrich, Duke of Mecklenburg 5. Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow 11. Elizabeth of Denmark 1. Frederick III of Denmark 12. John George, Elector of Brandenburg 6. Joachim Frederick, Elector of Brandenburg 13. Sophie of Legnica 3. Anne Catherine of Brandenburg 14. John, Margrave of Brandenburg-Küstrin 7. Catherine of Brandenburg-Küstrin 15. Catherine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel

References

1. Den Store Danske Encyklopædi (The Great Danish Encyclopedia)
2. "Frederik 3" at Gyldendals Åbne Encyklopædi
3. Bain, Robert Nisbet (1911). "Frederick III. of Denmark and Norway" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
4. Sebastian Olden-Jørgensen, Den ældre danske enevælde 1660–1730 Et historiografisk essay, Historie/Jyske Samlinger, Bind 1998 (1998) 2
5. "Kongeloven af 1665" (in Danish). Danske konger. Archived from the original on 2012-03-30.
6. A partial English translation of the law can be found in Ernst Ekman, "The Danish Royal Law of 1665", The Journal of Modern History, 1957, vol. 2, pp. 102–107.
7. Troværdighed er en konkret oplevelse at SteenSiebken.dk
8. Kong Frederik III at Danmarkskonger.dk

External links

• The Royal Lineage at the website of the Danish Monarchy
• Frederik III at the website of the Royal Danish Collection
• Lex Regia (Konge-Lov)

Frederick III House of Oldenburg Born: 18 March 1609 in Haderslev Died: 19 February 1670 in Copenhagen
Preceded by Christian IV	King of Denmark and Norway 1648–1670	Succeeded by Christian V
Preceded by Anthony Günther	Count of Oldenburg 1667–1670
Preceded by Christian IV and Frederick III	Duke of Holstein and Duke of Schleswig 1648–1670 with Frederick III (Gottorp) (1616–1659) Christian Albert (1659–1695)	Succeeded by Christian V and Christian Albert
Preceded by Philip Sigismund as Lutheran administrator	Administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Verden as Frederick II 1623–1629	Vacant Title next held by Francis William as Catholic prince-bishop
Vacant Title last held by John Frederick as Lutheran administrator	Administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Verden as Frederick II 1635–1644	Secularised into the Principality of Verden
	Administrator of the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen as Frederick II 1635–1645	Succeeded by Leopold William as Catholic administrator