Government Pension Fund of Norway

The Government Pension Fund of Norway comprises two entirely separate sovereign wealth funds owned by the government of Norway.

Government Pension Fund of Norway
Government-owned
Founded1967
1990
HeadquartersNorway
Total assets10,000,000,000,000 NOK (25 October 2019) 
Ownergovernment of Norway
Websitewww.nbim.no 

The Government Pension Fund Global, also known as the Oil Fund, was established in 1990 to invest the surplus revenues of the Norwegian petroleum sector. It has over US$1 trillion in assets, including 1.4% of global stocks and shares, making it the world’s largest sovereign wealth fund.[1][2] In May 2018 it was worth about $195,000 per Norwegian citizen.[3] It also holds portfolios of real estate and fixed-income investments. Many companies are excluded by the fund on ethical grounds.

The Government Pension Fund Norway is smaller and was established in 1967 as a type of national insurance fund. It is managed separately from the Oil Fund and is limited to domestic and Scandinavian investments and is therefore a key stock holder in many large Norwegian companies, predominantly via the Oslo Stock Exchange.

Government Pension Fund Global

The Government Pension Fund Global (Norwegian: Statens pensjonsfond Utland, SPU) is a fund into which the surplus wealth produced by Norwegian petroleum income is deposited. Its name changed in January 2006 from the Petroleum Fund of Norway. The fund is commonly referred to as the Oil Fund (Norwegian: Oljefondet).

The purpose of the fund is to invest parts of the large surplus generated by the Norwegian petroleum sector, mainly from taxes of companies but also payment for licenses to explore for oil as well as the State's Direct Financial Interest and dividends from the partly state-owned Equinor. Current revenue from the petroleum sector is estimated to be at its peak period and to decline in the future decades. The Petroleum Fund was established in 1990 after a decision by the country's legislature to counter the effects of the forthcoming decline in income and to smooth out the disruptive effects of highly fluctuating oil prices.

As its name suggests, the Government Pension Fund Global is invested in international financial markets, so the risk is independent from the Norwegian economy. Over 9,158 companies in 73 countries are invested in the fund (2019). On October 25, 2019, the fund's value reached 10,000 billion Kroner, according to its official website.[4]

Background

Norway has experienced economic surpluses since the development of its hydrocarbon resources in the 70s. This reality, coupled with the desire to mitigate volatility stemming from fluctuating oil prices, motivated the creation of Norway's Oil Fund, now the Government Pension Fund-Global (GPF-G).[5] The instability of oil prices has been of constant concern for oil-dependent countries since the start of the oil boom, but especially so in the decades following the first oil shocks in the 1970s.[6] As the real GDP of oil-exporting states is linked with the price of oil, it has been a goal of these exporters to stabilize oil consumption patterns, and a host of these exporting states singled out sovereign wealth funds as an effective policy tool for achieving this outcome.[6] The adoption of the GPF-G has been in line global economic trends, especially investment patterns. International investment has increased at a significantly higher pace than either global GDP or global trade of goods and services, increasing by 175% over a period at which the former two metrics increased by 53% and 93% respectively.[7]

Management and size
Value of the Oil Fund in billions of kroner (June 2017 prices)

The domestic fund, the Government Pension Fund Norway, is managed by Folketrygdfondet. The global investment fund is managed by Norges Bank Investment Management (NBIM), part of the Norwegian Central Bank on the behalf of the Ministry of Finance.[8] It is the largest pension fund in Europe and larger than the California public-employees pension fund (CalPERS), one of the largest in the United States.

As of June 2011, it was the largest pension fund in the world, but it is not a pension fund in the conventional sense, as it derives its financial backing from oil profits, not pension contributions.[9] In September 2017, the fund exceeded US$1 trillion in value for the first time, a thirteen-fold increase since 2002. With a population of 5.2 million people, the fund was worth $192,307 per Norwegian citizen. Of the assets, 65% were equities (account for 1.3% of global equity markets), and the rest were property and fixed-income investments. Norway can withdraw up to 3% of the fund's value each year.[10] The first withdrawal in its history was made in 2016.[11] In a parliamentary white paper in April 2011, the Norwegian Ministry of Finance forecast that the fund would reach $1 trillion by the end of 2019.[12] According to the forecast, a worst-case scenario for the fund value in 2030 was forecast at $455 billion, and a best case scenario at $3.3 trillion.[13] With 2.33 percent of European stocks,[14] it is the largest stock owner in Europe.[15]

In 1998, the fund was allowed to invest up to 40 percent of its portfolio in the international stock market. In June 2009, the ministry decided to raise the stock portion to 60 percent. In May 2014, the Central Bank governor proposed raising the rate to 70 percent.[16] The Norwegian government planned that up to 5 percent of the fund should be invested in real estate, beginning in 2010.[17] A specific policy for the real estate investments was suggested in a report the Swiss Partners Group wrote for the Norwegian Ministry of Finance.[18]

Norway's sovereign wealth fund is taking steps to become more active in company governance. In the second quarter of 2013, the sovereign fund voted in 6,078 general meetings as well as 239 shareholder proposals on environmental and social issues. Norway's Government Pension Fund Global (GPFG) has the potential to influence the corporate governance market in Europe, and possibly China as well, greatly.[19] It has also started to become active in pushing for lower executive pay.[20]

Relationship to sovereignty

The rise of globalization as the predominant political-economic system has had several key effects on states, especially in regards to interdependence and sovereignty. The erosion of fully independent socioeconomic structures has provoked new questions regarding the role of the state and its ability to project its sovereignty on a set of global economic systems that seem largely out of reach both legally and pragmatically for most states.[21] Sovereign wealth funds are an inherently nationalist type of investment vehicle, and there exists potential for their use as a mitigating force to the supranational forces of globalization.[21] The issue with this is that such practices may lead to a general increase in protectionism as nations attempt to wrestle back control of their economies from external forces, an outcome that most economic intergovernmental organizations, such as the International Monetary Fund, would like to see avoided.[22] Some commentators, like Professor Gordon L. Clark of the University of Oxford, express concerns regarding non-profit considerations motivating the practices of the GPF-G, especially in regards to its ethical concerns and how these considerations may be used as a means of exerting Norwegian standards on foreign firms.[21] On the other hand, the OECD has stated that sovereign wealth funds have had a stabilizing influence on international markets due to their ability to provide capital during times of domestic investor pessimism.[23] The OECD has taken steps to minimize the possibilities of economic protectionism by instituting the Freedom of Investment project, where participating states agree upon guiding sets of principles that seek to boost transparency and transnational investment, while also advising states on how to best handle issues of foreign investment in the sphere of national security.[23]

Debate

As a result of the large size of the fund relative to the low number of people living in Norway (5.2 million people in 2017), the Oil Fund has become a hot political issue, dominated by three main issues:

  • Whether the country should use more of the petroleum revenues for the state budget instead of saving the funds for the future. The main matter of debate is to what degree increased government spending would increase inflation.
  • Whether the high level of exposure (around 65 percent in 2017) to the highly volatile stock market is financially safe. Others claim that the high diversification and extreme long-term nature of the investments will dilute the risk and that the state is losing considerable amounts of money because of the low investment percentage in the stock market.
  • Whether the investment policy of the Petroleum Fund is ethical.

Concerns and potential outcomes

There are diverse concerns and predicted effects of sovereign wealth funds on international financial markets and the global economy as a whole, with experts expressing strong fears regarding destabilization and protectionism stemming from sovereign wealth funds. The destabilization argument, often cited by Roland Beck of the European Central Bank, is that non-market investment motives may lead sovereign wealth funds managers to make decisions that go against market logic, in turn causing an unexpected and potentially disastrous ripple effect.[24] The protectionist argument, mentioned above in relation to sovereignty and sovereign wealth funds, is essentially a fear that sovereign wealth funds could be used in a non-market, protectionist manner where competing states would perpetuate ever-increasing anti-global free trade movements.[25] However, despite these fears, there is also strong evidence to suggest that sovereign wealth funds are unlikely to gain board of directors seats in their acquisitions.[26] Additionally, Norway’s GPF-G is especially unlikely to gain any board-of-directors seats in a company headquartered in an OECD country.[26] Furthermore, some experts directly contradict fears regarding the destabilizing effect of sovereign wealth funds, arguing that these funds increase the stability of global finance due to the fact that they serve to increase the variety of owners of risky financial vehicles, minimizing exposure to shocks in any one particular industry, while also simultaneously limiting the absolute loss any actor can suffer in a particular global economic sector.[24]

Ethical council

Part of the investment policy debate is related to the discovery of several cases of investment by The Petroleum Fund in very controversial companies, involved in businesses such as arms production, tobacco and fossil fuels.[8] The Petroleum Fund’s Advisory Council on Ethics was established 19 November 2004 by royal decree. Accordingly, the Ministry of Finance issued a new regulation on the management of the Government Petroleum Fund, which also includes ethical guidelines.

According to its ethical guidelines, the Norwegian pension fund cannot invest money in companies that directly or indirectly contribute to killing, torture, deprivation of freedom or other violations of human rights in conflict situations or wars. Contrary to popular belief, the fund is allowed to invest in a number of arms-producing companies, as only some kind of weapons, such as nuclear arms, are banned by the ethical guidelines as investment objects.

To support the ethical screening process, the Council on Ethics works with RepRisk ESG Business Intelligence, a global research firm and provider of environmental, social and governance (ESG) risk data. RepRisk monitors the companies in the Norwegian Pension Fund’s portfolio for issues such as severe human rights violations, particularly regarding child labor, forced labour, and violations of individual rights in conflict areas as well as gross environmental degradation and corruption. RepRisk has been working with the Council on Ethics since 2009 and in 2014, re-won the tender for ESG data provision for 2014-2017.[27]

An investigation by the Norwegian business newspaper Dagens Næringsliv in February 2012 showed that Norway has invested more than $2 billion in 15 technology companies producing technology that can and has been used for filtering, wiretapping, or surveillance of communication in various countries, among them Iran, Syria, and Burma. Although surveillance tech is not the primary activity of all the 15 companies, they have all had or still have some kind of connection to such technology. The Ministry of Finance in Norway stated that it would not withdraw investing in these companies or discuss an eventual exclusion of surveillance industry companies from its investments.

On 19 January 2010 the Ministry of Finance announced that 17 tobacco companies had been excluded from the fund.[28] The total divestment from these companies was $2 billion (NOK 14.2 billion), making it the largest divestment caused by ethical recommendations in the history of the fund.[29]

In March 2014, as the result of both domestic and international pressure, the parliament appointed a panel to investigate whether the fund should divest its coal assets in line with its ethical investment mandate. The panel released its recommendations in December 2014, recommending the fund follow a strategy of corporate engagement rather than divestment. The parliament was set to make its decision early in 2015. In the event, the fund will be required to divest from companies that derive at least 30℅ of their business from coal.[8]

In 2014, the fund divested from 53 coal companies around the world, including 16 companies in the US companies (among them Peabody Energy, Arch Coal, and Alpha Natural Resources), 13 companies in India (including Coal India) and 3 companies in China.[30] As a result, the total value of the fund’s coal holdings fell by 5% to $9.7 billion.[31] In the same year of 2014 the fund increased its stakes in 59 out of 90 oil and gas companies in which it holds shares by $30 billion.[32]

On 8 March 2019, the Ministry of Finance[33] recommended divestiture from its oil and gas exploration and production holdings. This came after the August 2017 Lofoten Declaration which demanded leadership in a global fossil fuel phase-out from the countries that can most afford to act, such as Norway.[34]

Green energy is becoming an important aspect for the Government Pension Fund since fossil fuel stocks simply are not producing as much value as they used to. As of 2019, new guidelines will prohibit the fund from investing in companies that produce over 20 million tons of coal annually. The fund plans to sell off over $10 billion in stocks from companies that utilize too many fossil fuels. [35] In hopes of improving the Norwegian economy, the firm is becoming more environmentally-friendly by investing in companies that promote renewable energy. For example, the fund will continue to hold stakes in firms like Shell that utilize renewable energy divisions. [36]

Excluded companies

The following companies have been excluded from the Government Pension Fund of Norway for activities in breach of the ethical guidelines:[37]

Company HQ Date of exclusion Reason Divestment (Millions USD)
Africa Israel Investments  Israel 24 August 2010 Violation of international humanitarian law in occupied Palestinian territory by being involved in developing settlements[38] 1.2
Alliance One International, Inc.  USA 19 Jan 2010 Production of tobacco.[28] 0.9
Alliant Techsystems Inc  USA 30 Jun 2005 Production of components for cluster munitions.[39] N/A[nb 1]
Altria Group Inc.  USA 19 Jan 2010 Production of tobacco.[28] 131
Barrick Gold Corporation  Canada 30 Jan 2009 Extensive environmental degradation related to the Porgera Gold Mine in Papua New Guinea[40] 245
Babcock & Wilcox  USA 11 January 2013 Production of nuclear arms N/A
Boeing Company  USA 11 Oct 2005 Maintenance of ICBMs for the U.S. Air Force.[41] N/A [nb 2]
British American Tobacco BHD  Malaysia 19 Jan 2010 Production of tobacco.[28] 9.4
British American Tobacco Plc.  United Kingdom 19 Jan 2010 Production of tobacco.[28] 683
Danya Cebus  Israel 24 August 2010 Violation of the Geneva Convention in occupied Palestinian territory by being involved in developing settlements[38] N/A
Dongfeng Motor Group Co Ltd.  China 28 February 2009 Sale of weapons and military material to Burma[42][43] N/A
Duke Energy +3 subsidiaries  USA 7 September 2016 Risk of severe environmental damage[44] 300 (or more)[45]
Airbus  France
 Germany
 Netherlands
 Spain		 30 Jun 2005 Production of nuclear missiles for the French Air Force through the company MBDA[46][nb 3] N/A [nb 1]
Elbit Systems  Israel 3 Sep 2009 Supply of surveillance systems for the Israeli West Bank barrier[47][48][49] 5.0
Freeport McMoRan Copper & Gold Inc.  USA 28 Mar 2006 Serious environmental damage.[50] 17.2
GenCorp Inc  USA 15 Nov 2007 Production of nuclear weapons.[51] N/A
General Dynamics Corporation  USA 30 Jun 2005 Production of components for cluster munitions.[39] N/A [nb 1]
Grupo Carso SAB de CV  Mexico 15 Feb 2011 Production of tobacco.[52] N/A
Gudang Garam tbk pt  Indonesia 19 Jan 2010 Production of tobacco.[28] 0
Hanwha Corporation  South Korea 15 May 2007 Production of cluster munitions.[51] 1.2[53]
Honeywell International Inc.  USA 11 Oct 2005 Simulations of nuclear explosions.[41] N/A [nb 2]
Huabao International Holdings Limited  Hong Kong 8 May 2013 Production of tobacco N/A
Imperial Tobacco Group Plc  United Kingdom 19 Jan 2010 Production of tobacco.[28] 347
ITC Ltd.  India 19 Jan 2010 Production of tobacco.[28] 48
Japan Tobacco Inc.  Japan 19 Jan 2010 Production of tobacco.[28] 210
Jacobs Engineering Group  USA 11 January 2013 Production of nuclear arms N/A
KT&G Corp.  South Korea 19 Jan 2010 Production of tobacco.[28] 16
Lingui Development Berhad Ltd.  Malaysia 16 February 2011 Severe environmental damages N/A
Lockheed Martin Corp  USA 30 Jun 2005 Production of components for cluster munitions.[39] N/A [nb 1]
Lorillard Inc.  USA 19 Jan 2010 Production of tobacco.[28] 42
Madras Aluminium  United Kingdom 31 October 2007 Severe environmental damages N/A
Norilsk Nickel  Russia 31 October 2009 Severe environmental damages N/A
Northrop Grumman Corp.  USA 11 Oct 2005 Maintenance of ICBMs for the U.S. Air Force.[41] N/A [nb 2]
Philip Morris Int. Inc.  USA 19 Jan 2010 Production of tobacco.[28] 476
Philip Morris Cr AS  Czech Republic 19 Jan 2010 Production of tobacco.[28] 2.7
Poongsan Corporation  South Korea 30 Sep 2006 Production of cluster munition.[54] 1.2
Potash Corporation of Saskatchewan  Canada 30 Sep 2011 Production of phosphate in the occupied territories of Western Sahara.[55] 274
Raytheon Company  USA 30 Jun 2005 Production of components for cluster munitions.[39] N/A [nb 1]
Reynolds American Inc.  USA 19 Jan 2010 Production of tobacco.[28] 36
Rio Tinto Group  United Kingdom
 Australia		 28 Apr 2008 Severe environmental damage[56] 882
Samling Global Ltd.  Malaysia 23 Aug 2010 Illegal logging and severe environmental damage[38] 1.4
SAFRAN SA  France 11 Oct 2005 Production of nuclear missiles for the French Navy.[41] N/A [nb 2]
Serco Group Plc  United Kingdom 15 Nov 2007 Maintenance of British nuclear weapons through the Atomic Weapons Establishment.[51] N/A
Sesa Sterlite Limited  India 30 January 2014 Severe environmental damages N/A
Schweitzer-Mauduit International Inc.  USA 8 May 2013 Production of tobacco N/A
Shanghai Industrial Holdings  China 15 March 2011 Production of tobacco N/A
Shikun UVinui  Israel 17 June 2012 Violation of the Geneva Convention in occupied Palestinian territory by being involved in developing settlements[57] 1.4
Souza Cruz SA  Brazil 19 Jan 2010 Production of tobacco.[28] 7.4
Sterlite Industries  India 31 October 2007 Severe environmental damages N/A
Swedish Match AB  Sweden 19 Jan 2010 Production of tobacco.[28] 75
Ta Ann Holdings Berhad  Malaysia 14 October 2013 Severe environmental damages N/A
Textron Inc  USA 30 Jan 2009 Production of components for cluster munitions.[58] 36
Universal Corp VA  USA 19 Jan 2010 Production of tobacco.[28] 3
WTK Holdings Berhad  Malaysia 14 October 2013 Severe environmental damages N/A
Vector Group Ltd.  USA 19 Jan 2010 Production of tobacco.[28] 2.1
Vedanta Resources Plc  UK 28 Aug 2007 Environmental and human rights abuses.[59] 12
Volcan (mining company)  Peru 14 October 2013 Severe environmental damages 7.5
Wal-Mart Stores Inc.  USA 28 Mar 2006 Breach of human rights and labour rights.[50] 372
Zijin Mining  China 14 October 2013 Severe environmental damages N/A
Zuari Agro Chemicals Ltd.  India 14 October 2013 Serious or systematic human rights violations N/A
G4S  UK 14 November 2019 Serious or systematic human rights violations[60] N/A

The fund does not announce exclusions until it has completed sales of its positions, so as not to affect the share price at the time of the transaction.[61]

In 2016, Norges Bank decided to exclude 52 coal companies from the fund.[62]

Reinstated companies

Several previously excluded companies have later been reinstated to the fund because the companies were no longer involved in the activities that had led to their exclusion.

Company HQ Date of exclusion Reason Divestment (Millions USD) Date of reinstatement
BAE Systems Plc.  United Kingdom 11 Oct 2005 Production of nuclear missiles for the French Air Force through the company MBDA.[41] N/A [nb 2] 11 Jan 2013[63]
DRD Gold Limited  South Africa 29 Jan 2007 Serious environmental damage.[64] 0.6 3 Sep 2009[65][66]
Finmeccanica S.p.A.  Italy 11 Oct 2005 Production of nuclear missiles for the French Air Force through the company MBDA.[41] N/A [nb 2] 11 Jan 2013[63]
FMC Corporation  USA 30 Sep 2011 Production of phosphate in the occupied territories of Western Sahara.[55] 52 11 Jan 2013[67]
Kerr-McGee Corporation  USA 29 Apr 2005 Petroleum surveying in occupied Western Sahara[68] 54 30 Jun 2006[69]
L3 Communications Holdings Inc  USA 30 Jun 2005 Production of components for cluster munitions.[39] N/A [nb 1] 31 August 2005[70]
Thales SA  France 30 Jun 2005 Production of components for cluster munitions.[39] N/A [nb 1] 3 Sep 2009[71]
United Technologies Corp.  USA 11 Oct 2005 Production of engines for ICBMs in the U.S. Air Force.[41] N/A [nb 2] 2 March 2013[72]
Dongfeng Group  China March 2009 Sale of Military Vehicles to Myanmar [73] N/A Dec 2014[74]

Companies "under observation"

As an alternative to full exclusion from the fund, companies may be placed "under observation" to help put pressure on the company to improve.

Company HQ Date of warning Reason Shares
Alstom  France 6 Dec 2011 Risk of gross corruption[75] N/A

It has been proposed that one more company, Goldcorp, should be placed under similar observation.[76]

Currency portfolio

In October 2010 the fund spent NOK 600 million ($136.4 million as of October 2010) daily buying foreign currencies. That figure would be increased to 800 million kroner daily in November.[77] This practice was suspended in January 2011, and on 31 January it was announced that this would also be the case in February.[78]

Government Pension Fund – Norway

The Government Pension Fund – Norway (Norwegian: Statens pensjonsfond Norge, SPN) was established by the National Insurance Act (Folketrygdloven) in 1967 under the name National Insurance Scheme Fund (Norwegian: Folketrygdfondet). The name was changed at the same time as the former Petroleum Fund, on 1 January 2006. It continues to be managed by a separate board and separate government entity, still named Folketrygdfondet. The Government Pension Fund – Norway had a value of NOK 240.2 billion at the end of 2017. Unlike the Global division, it is required to limit its investments to companies in the Norwegian stock market, predominantly on the Oslo Stock Exchange. Thus, it is a key stock owner in many large Norwegian companies.

Notes
  1. The total divestment from the seven companies Alliant Techsystems Inc, EADS Co (European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company), General Dynamics Corporation, L3 Communications Holdings Inc, Lockheed Martin Corp, Raytheon Co and Thales SA was approx. $340 million.[39]
  2. The total divestment from the seven companies BAE Systems Plc, Boeing Co., Finmeccanica S.p.A., Honeywell International Inc., Northrop Grumman Corp., Safran SA and United Technologies Corp was apx. 500 million USD.[41]
  3. EADS was initially excluded because it produced cluster munitions components, but the company later stopped such production. The exclusion was upheld because of the company's production of nuclear missiles.
gollark: Also, rust code here: https://pastebin.com/8EPmv539
gollark: Anyway, bitops/base conversions are annoying to do for humans, since our brains are just not really set up that way (without training, which takes a while), but computers happily do billions a second.
gollark: Hey, if you're a Rust advocate, please fix my rust program.
gollark: And yet you use Rust. And type similarly. Curious.
gollark: Humans are good at some stuff, computers are good at some stuff, and when they're better at it they tend to be MUCH better.

See also

References
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