Flora of the United States

The native flora of the United States includes about 17,000 species of vascular plants, plus tens of thousands of additional species of other plants and plant-like organisms such as algae, lichens and other fungi, and mosses. About 3,800 additional non-native species of vascular plants are recorded as established outside of cultivation in the U.S., as well as a much smaller number of non-native non-vascular plants and plant relatives. The United States possesses one of the most diverse temperate floras in the world, comparable only to that of China.

Several biogeographic factors contribute to the richness and diversity of the U.S. flora. While most of the United States has a temperate climate, Alaska has vast arctic areas, the southern part of Florida is tropical, as well as Hawaii (including high mountains), and alpine summits are present on many western mountains, as well as a few in the Northeast. The U.S. coastline borders three oceans: The Atlantic (and Gulf of Mexico), the Arctic, and the Pacific. Finally, the U.S. shares long borders with Canada and Mexico, and is relatively close to the Bahamas, Cuba and other Caribbean islands, and easternmost Asia. There are also rainforests as well as some of the driest deserts in the world.

The native flora of the United States has provided the world with a large number of horticultural and agricultural plants, mostly ornamentals, such as flowering dogwood, redbud, mountain laurel, bald cypress, southern magnolia, and black locust, all now cultivated in temperate regions worldwide, but also various food plants such as blueberries, black raspberries, cranberries, maple syrup and sugar, and pecans, and Monterey pine and other timber trees.

Some of the native U.S. plants, such as Franklinia alatamaha, have demonstrably become extinct or extinct in the wild; others, such as Micranthemum micranthemoides, have not been seen in decades, but may still be extant. Thousands of other native U.S. vascular plants are considered rare, threatened, or endangered, either globally (rangewide) or within particular states.

Divisions

According to Armen Takhtajan, Robert F. Thorne, and other geobotanists, the territory of the United States (including Hawaii and Alaska) is divided between three floristic kingdoms, six floristic regions and twelve floristic provinces, characterized by a certain degree of endemism:

Holarctic Kingdom
Circumboreal Region
Arctic Province
Canadian Province
North American Atlantic Region
Appalachian Province
Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain Province
North American Prairies Province
Rocky Mountain Region
Vancouverian Province
Rocky Mountain Province
Madrean Region
Great Basin Province
Californian Province
Sonoran Province
Neotropical Kingdom
Caribbean Region
West Indian Province
Paleotropic Kingdom
Hawaiian Region
Hawaiian Province

Some prominent botanists who have studied and published on U.S. flora

Slideshow of a few of the plants endemic to the United States
  • Starr, Agrostis sandwicensis
  • Androsace nivalis (Douglasia nivalis)
  • Mono Lake - Prickly Poppy (Argemone munita) near Lee Vinning Creek; flower closeup
  • Astragalus phoenix
  • Calochortus eurycarpus
  • Calochortus obispoensis
  • Ceanothus hearstiorum
  • Chorizanthe fimbriata
  • Clarkia rubicunda subsp. blasdalei
  • Delphinium lineapetalum
  • Dudleya viscida
  • Eriogonum crocatum
  • Fritillaria biflora
  • Lomatium thompsonii
  • Carizzo plain spring flowers in bloom
  • Nitrophila mohavensis
  • Pinus balfouriana, Trinity Alps
  • Piperia michaelii
  • Quercus tomentella
  • Sequoia grove (Sequoiadendron giganteum)
  • Trifolium thompsonii
  • Yermo xanthocephalus

Further reading
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