Ernst Krenek

Ernst Heinrich Krenek (Czech pronunciation: [ˈkr̝ɛnɛk], August 23, 1900 – December 22, 1991) was an Austrian, later American, composer of Czech origin. He explored atonality and other modern styles and wrote a number of books, including Music Here and Now (1939), a study of Johannes Ockeghem (1953), and Horizons Circled: Reflections on my Music (1974). Krenek wrote two pieces using the pseudonym Thornton Winsloe.

Life

Born Ernst Heinrich Křenek[lower-alpha 1] in Vienna (then in Austria-Hungary), he was the son of a Czech soldier in the Austro-Hungarian army. He studied there and in Berlin with Franz Schreker before working in a number of German opera houses as conductor. During World War I, Krenek was drafted into the Austrian army, but he was stationed in Vienna, allowing him to go on with his musical studies. In 1922 he met Alma Mahler, widow of Gustav Mahler, and her daughter, Anna, to whom he dedicated his Symphony No. 2, and whom he married in March 1924. That marriage ended in divorce before its first anniversary.[2]

Jonny spielt auf, the title page of the 1926 vocal score (1st edition)

At the time of his marriage to Anna Mahler, Krenek was completing his Violin Concerto No. 1, Op. 29. The Australian violinist Alma Moodie assisted Krenek, not with the scoring of the violin part, but with getting financial assistance from her Swiss patron Werner Reinhart at a time when there was hyper-inflation in Germany. In gratitude, Krenek dedicated the concerto to Moodie, and she premiered it on 5 January 1925, in Dessau. Krenek's divorce from Anna Mahler became final a few days after the premiere. Krenek did not attend the premiere, but he did have an affair with Moodie, which has been described as "short-lived and complicated". He never managed to hear her play the concerto, but he did "immortalize some aspects of her personality in the character of Anita in his opera Jonny spielt auf". This 'jazz opera', completed in 1926, was an enormous success across Europe and made Krenek a household name for several years; there was even a brand of cigarettes, still on the market today in Austria, named "Jonny".[3] Krenek himself became uncomfortable with this success though, as his musical colleagues criticised the commercialisation of his music, and shortly afterwards changed his compositional direction radically.

The jazz-influenced score of Jonny spielt auf and its central character of a black jazz musician (who is also seen womanising and stealing a priceless violin) brought Krenek the opprobrium of the nascent Nazi Party; the image of Jonny was distorted to form the centrepiece of the poster advertising the Entartete Musik exhibition of so-called 'degenerate' music in 1938. Krenek was frequently named as a Jewish composer during the Third Reich, although he was not, and was intimidated by the regime until his emigration; on March 6, 1933, one day after the last semi-free election of March 1933, Krenek's incidental music to Goethe's Triumph der Empfindsamkeit was withdrawn in Mannheim, and eventually pressure was brought to bear on the Vienna State Opera, which cancelled the commissioned premiere of Karl V.

In 1938 Krenek moved to the United States, where he taught music at various universities, the first being Vassar College. He later taught at Hamline University in Saint Paul, Minnesota from 1942 to 1947. There he met and married his third wife, his student and composer Gladys Nordenstrom. He became an American citizen in 1945. He later moved to Toronto, Ontario, Canada, where he taught at The Royal Conservatory of Music during the 1950s. His students included Milton Barnes, Lorne Betts, Roque Cordero, Samuel Dolin, Robert Erickson, Halim El-Dabh, Richard Maxfield, Will Ogdon, and George Perle. Later he moved to Tujunga[4][5], before moving to Palm Springs, California in 1966.[6][7] In 1998 Gladys Nordenstrom founded the Ernst Krenek Institute; in 2004 the private foundation moved from Vienna to Krems an der Donau, Austria.[8]

Completions of other composers' unfinished works

After meeting Krenek in 1922, Alma Mahler asked him to complete her late husband's Symphony No. 10. Krenek assisted in editing the first and third movements but went no further. More fruitful was Krenek's response to an approximately contemporary request from his pianist and composer friend Eduard Erdmann, who wished to add Schubert's Reliquie piano sonata to his repertoire, for completions of that work's fragmentary third and fourth movements. Krenek's completion, dated to 1921 in some sources[9] but to 1922 in his own memory,[10] later found other champions in Webster Aitken in the concert hall[11] and Ray Lev;[10] Friedrich Wührer;[12] and, more recently, Stanislav Khristenko[13] on records.

In his notes to the Lev recording, dated July 1947, Krenek offered insights into the challenges of completing another composer's works in general and the Schubert sonata in particular.

Completing the unfinished work of a great master is a very delicate task. In my opinion it can honestly be undertaken only if the original fragment contains all of the main ideas of the unfinished work. In such a case a respectful craftsman may attempt, after an absorbing study of the master's style, to elaborate on those ideas in a way which to the best of his knowledge might have been the way of the master himself. The work in question will probably have analogies among other, completed works of the master, and careful investigation of his methods in similar situations will indicate possible solutions of the problems posed by the unfinished work. Even then the artist who goes about the ticklish task will feel slightly uneasy, knowing from his own experience as a composer that the creative mind does not always follow its own precedents. He is more conscious of the fact that unpredictability is one of the most jealously guarded prerogatives of genius. ... However, scruples of this kind may be set aside once we are certain that the author of the fragment has put forth the essential thematic material that was expected to go into the work. If this is not the case, I feel that no one, not even the greatest genius, should dare to complete the fragments left by another genius.

As an example, Krenek explains that a careful student of Rembrandt's style might be able to complete a painting lacking one or two corners but could never supply two entirely missing paintings from a four-painting series; such an attempt would result only in "more or less successful fakes." Turning to a musical example, Krenek, evidently unaware of the surviving sketch of a third movement, avers that Schubert's own "Unfinished" Symphony "was left by its creator with only two of its four movements written; of the other two there is no trace. It would be possible to write two or more movements to the symphony in the manner of Schubert, but it would not be Schubert."

Musical style

Krenek's music encompassed a variety of styles and reflects many of the principal musical influences of the 20th century. His early work is in a late-Romantic idiom, showing the influence of his teacher Franz Schreker, but around 1920 he turned to atonality, under the influence of Ernst Kurth's textbook, Grundlagen des linearen Kontrapunkts, and the tenets of Busoni, Schnabel, Erdmann, and Scherchen, amongst others.[14]

A visit to Paris, during which he became familiar with the work of Igor Stravinsky (Pulcinella was especially influential) and Les Six, led him to adopt a neo-classical style around 1924.[14] Shortly afterward, he turned to neoromanticism and incorporated jazz influences into his opera Jonny spielt auf (Jonny Strikes Up, 1926) and one-act opera Schwergewicht (1928). Other neoromantic works of this period were modeled on music of Franz Schubert, a prime example being Reisebuch aus den österreichischen Alpen (1929).[15]

Krenek abandoned the neoromantic style in the late 1920s to embrace Arnold Schoenberg's twelve-tone technique,[14] the method exclusively employed in Krenek's opera Karl V (1931–33) and most of his later pieces.[16] His most uncompromising use of the twelve-tone technique was in his Sixth String Quartet (1936) and his Piano Variations (1937).[17] In the Lamentatio Jeremiae prophetae (1941–42) Krenek combined twelve-tone writing with techniques of modal counterpoint of the Renaissance.[18]

In 1955 he was invited to work in the Electronic Music Studio at WDR in Cologne, and this experience motivated him to develop a total serial idiom.[19] Beginning around 1960 he added to his serial vocabulary some principles of aleatoric music, in works such as Horizon Circled (1967), From Three Make Seven (1960–61), and Fibonacci-Mobile (1964).[20]

In his later years his compositional style became more relaxed, though he continued to use elements of both twelve-tone and total serial techniques.[19]

Works
Main articles: List of compositions by Ernst Krenek and List of operas by Ernst Krenek

Decorations and awards

On Krenek's 85th birthday, the City of Vienna donated the Ernst Krenek Prize.[21]

Honorary doctorates

Notes
  1. He changed the spelling of his name to Krenek after he moved to the US[1]
gollark: Stuxnet wasn't done remotely. They chained together a ridiculous number of zero days to attack the computers the centrifuges were physically connected to and the PLCs.
gollark: It might be fun to use it to generate *maximally* right/left-wing text.
gollark: I would assume that would be a fairly easy machine learning classifier thingy, at least if you had enough text of known wingness to train it on.
gollark: I'm sure *someone* will end up buying it anyway.
gollark: They might mean Stellaris? It definitely has options for enslaving species and such.

References
  1. Maurer Zenck and Fetthauer 2006
  2. "Ernst Krenek Interview with Bruce Duffie . . . . . ". bruceduffie.com.
  3. Bischof and Pelinka 2003, 109.
  4. John Lincoln Stewart, Ernst Krenek: The Man and his Music. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley Press, 1991; page 321
  5. "Festival in Honor of Krenek". Desert News. December 12, 1974. Retrieved May 25, 2020. except in his adopted city of Los Angeles where he lived in a Kokoshka-type setting in Tujunga Hills for many years
  6. Aulokithara, Wechselrahmen, Three Sacred Pieces, Echoes from Austria, var. composers (Krenek on "Echoes"), Orion Master Recordings ORS 76246, liner notes]
  7. Meeks, Eric G. (2014) [2012]. The Best Guide Ever to Palm Springs Celebrity Homes. Horatio Limburger Oglethorpe. p. 17. ISBN 978-1479328598.
  8. "Institute". Krenek.
  9. Alcalay Luna biographical page at Music Information Center Austria
  10. Lev 1947.
  11. "Bandoneon Recordings Webster Aitkin page (in Chinese)". Archived from the original on August 20, 2008.
  12. Wührer ca. 1955.
  13. Toccata Classics TOCC 0298, CD
  14. Krenek 1964, 37.
  15. Krenek 1964, 37–38.
  16. Purkis 1992a.
  17. Krenek 1964, 39.
  18. Krenek 1943, 90–93.
  19. Garrett 2001.
  20. Garrett 2001; Ogdon & Krenek 1972, 106.
  21. Schmidt 2001
  22. "Musik Mitglieder: Ernst Krenek". Akademie der Künste. Berlin. Retrieved 17 November 2019.

Bibliography
  • Bischof, Günter, and Anton Pelinka (eds.) (2003). The Americanization/Westernization of Austria. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 0-7658-0803-X
  • Bowles, Garrett H. (comp.) (1989). Ernst Krenek: A Bio-bibliography. New York and London: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-25250-5
  • Bowles, Garrett H. (2001). "Krenek, Ernst". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.
  • Dreyfus, Kay (2003). "Alma Moodie and the Landscape of Giftedness". Australasian Music Research 7:1–14. (Subscription access)
  • Garret (2001)..
  • Krenek, Ernst (1943). "New Developments of the Twelve-Tone Technique". The Music Review 4, no. 2 (May): 81–97.
  • Krenek, Ernst (1964). "A Composer's Influences". Perspectives of New Music 3, no. 1 (Autumn-Winter): 36-41.
  • Lawson, Colin (1995). The Cambridge Companion to the Clarinet. Cambridge Companions to Music. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-47066-8 (cloth) ISBN 0-521-47668-2 (pbk)
  • Lev, Ray (1947). Album notes for Franz Schubert — Piano Sonata no. 15 in C Major (Unfinished); Allegretto in C Minor. Ray Lev, piano (78 RPM). [N.p.]: Concert Hall Society, Release B3.
  • Maurer Zenck, Claudia, and Sophie Fetthauer. 2006. "Ernst Krenek". Lexikon verfolgter Musiker und Musikerinnen der NS-Zeit, edited by Claudia Maurer Zenck and Peter Petersen. Hamburg: Universität Hamburg (https://www.lexm.uni-hamburg.de/object/lexm_lexmperson_00001293). (in German)
  • Ogdon, Will, and Ernst Krenek. 1972. "Conversation with Ernst Krenek". Perspectives of New Music 10, no. 2 (Spring-Summer): 102–10.
  • Purkis, Charlotte (1992a). "Karl V". The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, edited by Stanley Sadie, 4 vols. London: Macmillan Press. ISBN 0-333-73432-7.
  • Purkis, Charlotte (1992b). "Krenek, Ernst". The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, ed. Stanley Sadie, 4 vols. London: Macmillan Press. ISBN 0-333-73432-7
  • Schmidt, Matthias. "Ernst Krenek". 2001. Oesterreichisches Musiklexikon online. (https://www.musiklexikon.ac.at/ml/musik_K/Krenek_Ernst.xml). (in German)
  • Stewart, John L. (1991). Ernst Krenek: the Man and His Music. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-07014-3
  • Taylor-Jay, Claire (2004). The Artist Operas of Pfitzner, Krenek and Hindemith: Politics and the Ideology of the Artist. Aldershot, Hants, England; Burlington, VT: Ashgate. ISBN 0-7546-0578-7
  • Tregear, Peter John (2001). "Musical style and political allegory in Krenek's Karl V". Cambridge Opera Journal, 13, 55-80.
  • Wührer, Friedrich (ca. 1955). Album notes for Franz Schubert Piano Sonatas vol. 3 (LP). Vox VBX 11.
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