Ependyma

The ependyma is the thin neuroepithelial lining of the ventricular system of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord.[1] The ependyma is one of the four types of neuroglia in the central nervous system (CNS). It is involved in the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and is shown to serve as a reservoir for neuroregeneration.

Ependyma
Section of central canal of the spinal cord, showing ependyma and glia
Photomicrograph of normal ependymal cells at 400× magnification in human autopsy tissue
Identifiers
MeSHD004805
TAA14.1.00.022
FMA242791
Anatomical terminology

Ependymal cells

The ependyma is made up of ependymal cells called ependymocytes, a type of glial cell. These cells line the ventricles in the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord, which become filled with cerebrospinal fluid. These are nervous tissue cells with simple columnar shape, much like that of some mucosal epithelial cells.[2] Early monociliated ependymal cells are differentiated to multiciliated ependymal cells for their function in circulating cerebrospinal fluid.[3]

The basal membranes of these cells are characterized by tentacle-like extensions that attach to astrocytes.

Function

Cerebrospinal fluid

Lining the CSF-filled ventricles, and spinal canal, the ependymal cells play an important role in the production and regulation of CSF. Their apical surfaces are covered in a layer of cilia, which circulate CSF around the CNS. Their apical surfaces are also covered with microvilli, which absorb CSF. Within the ventricles of the brain, a population of modified ependymal cells and capillaries together known as the tela choroidea form a structure called the choroid plexus, which produces the CSF.[4]

Modified tight junctions between epithelial cells control fluid release. This release allows free exchange between CSF and nervous tissue of brain and spinal cord, which is why sampling of CSF such as through a spinal tap provides a window to the CNS.

Neuroregeneration

Jonas Frisén and his colleagues at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm provided evidence that ependymal cells act as reservoir cells in the forebrain, which can be activated after stroke and as in vivo and in vitro stem cells in the spinal cord. However, these cells did not self-renew and were subsequently depleted as they generated new neurons, thus failing to satisfy the requirement for stem cells.[5][6] One study observed that ependymal cells from the lining of the lateral ventricle might be a source for cells which can be transplanted into the cochlea to reverse hearing loss.[7]

Pathology

Ependymoma is a tumor of the ependymal cells most commonly found in the fourth ventricle.

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gollark: <@337621533369303042> Was it you who wanted this?
gollark: Takes ages to load words, I'm afraid.
gollark: ```pythonimport thesaurusimport randomimport concurrent.futures as futureswords_to_synonyms = {}synonyms_to_words = {}def add_to_key(d, k, v): d[k] = d.get(k, set()).union(set(v))def add_synonyms(syns, word): for syn in syns: add_to_key(synonyms_to_words, syn, [word]) add_to_key(words_to_synonyms, word, syns)def concat(list_of_lists): return sum(list_of_lists, [])def fetch_word(word): results = concat(thesaurus.Word(word).synonyms("all")) return resultsdef add_words(words): with futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=50) as executor: word_futures = {executor.submit(fetch_word, word): word for word in words} for future in futures.as_completed(word_futures): word = word_futures[future] try: data = future.result() except Exception as exc: print(f"Error fetching {word}: {exc}") else: add_synonyms(data, word)def getattr_hook(obj, key): results = list(synonyms_to_words.get(key, set()).union(words_to_synonyms.get(key, set()))) if len(results) > 0: return obj.__getattribute__(random.choice(results)) else: raise AttributeError(f"Attribute {key} not found.")def wrap(obj): add_words(dir(obj)) obj.__getattr__ = lambda key: getattr_hook(obj, key)wrap(__builtins__)__builtins__.engrave("Hi!")```

See also

References
  1. "ependyma". The Free Dictionary.
  2. Histology, a text in atlas, M. Ross 2011, 6th edition page 367
  3. Kyrousi, C; Lygerou, Z; Taraviras, S (July 2017). "How a radial glial cell decides to become a multiciliated ependymal cell". Glia. 65 (7): 1032–1042. doi:10.1002/glia.23118. PMID 28168763.
  4. Sadler, T. (2010). Langman's medical embryology (11th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott William & Wilkins. p. 305. ISBN 978-0-7817-9069-7.
  5. Johansson CB, Momma S, Clarke DL, Risling M, Lendahl U, Frisen J (1999). "Identification of a neural stem cell in the adult mammalian central nervous system". Cell. 96 (1): 25–34. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80956-3. PMID 9989494.
  6. Carlén M, Meletis K, Göritz C, Darsalia V, Evergren E, Tanigaki K, Amendola M, Barnabé-Heider F, Yeung MS, Naldini L, Honjo T, Kokaia Z, Shupliakov O, Cassidy RM, Lindvall O, Frisén J (2009). "Forebrain ependymal cells are Notch-dependent and generate neuroblasts and astrocytes after stroke". Nature Neuroscience. 12 (3): 259–267. doi:10.1038/nn.2268. PMID 19234458.
  7. "Brain cell hope for hearing loss". BBC News. 2008-12-09. Retrieved 2008-12-09.
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