Elaninae

An elanine kite is any of several small, lightly-built raptors with long, pointed wings.

Elanine kites
Elanus caeruleus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Accipitriformes
Family: Accipitridae
Subfamily: Elaninae
Genera

Elanus
Chelictinia
Gampsonyx

Some authorities list the group as a formal subfamily, Elaninae. As a subfamily there are six species in three genera with two of these genera being monotypic. Two other species have at times been included with the group, but genetic research has shown them to belong to different subfamilies.

Elanine kites have a near-worldwide distribution, with two endemic species found in the Americas, two in Australia, and one in Africa, while the black-winged kite is found over a vast range from Europe and Africa in the west to Southeast Asia in the east.

Species

Current Elaninae
ImageGenusLiving Species
Elanus Savigny, 1809
Chelictinia (Lesson, 1843)
Gampsonyx Vigors, 1825
  • Pearl kite, Gampsonyx swainsonii – South America

Previously in Elaninae
  • Genus Machaerhamphus or Macheiramphus[note 1] (subfamily Harpiinae)
    • Bat hawk, M. alcinus – Paleotropics (Africa, south Asia through to New Guinea)
  • Genus Elanoides (subfamily Perninae)

Description

Elanus species are primarily rodent hunters, searching for prey from a perch or often hovering like kestrels. Their tail is unforked. Chelictinia feeds on the wing, taking insects from the air, or small reptiles and insects from tree branches. Its tail is very long and deeply forked, like Elanoides which has similar feeding habits but is larger.

Both Elanus and Chelictinia have similarities in markings, with red eyes, a black patch above the eye, yellow legs and cere, and black beak.

Gampsonyx is very small, also feeding on insects, with the size and coloration typical of the Asian falconets. It is black above and white below, often with a tinge of rufous around the legs.

Taxonomy and systematics

In 1851 British zoologist Edward Blyth described Elaninae, the "smooth clawed kites", as a formal subfamily of Accipitridae.[note 2] However they are also grouped in Accipitrinae, the broader subfamily of hawks and eagles described by French ornithologist Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot in 1816.[3]

Nicholas Vigors in 1824 had grouped Elanus and "true Milvus" together into Stirps Milvina, the kites. Earlier, the terms "kite" in English or "iktinos" in Greek referred only to the red or black (milvine) kites. French ornithologists used the term "milan" for both the milvine and elanine kites.

Around the same time, in 1823, Louis-Pierre Vieillot had placed the group (in five species) together into his own genus Elanoïdes, rather than Savigny's Elanus.[4] Vigors listed three known species: Elanus melanopterus, E. furcatus, and E. Riocourii.[note 3] But he noted that the latter two had more forked tails and probably didn't have nails that were rounded underneath.[5](pp333–334) The following year he gained access to specimens of the fork-tailed kites and split them from Elanus into a separate genus, Nauclerus.[6]

In 1931, Peters[7] used the subfamily Elaninae, listing its members as Elanus, Chelictinia, and Machaeramphus.[note 4] He placed Elanoïdes in subfamily Perninae,[note 5] and Gampsonyx with the forest falcons in Polyhieracinae. In the 1950s, several authors found Gampsonyx was related to Elanus rather than the falcons, based on morphological features and molt schedule.[8]

Lerner and Mindell describe the Elaninae as: "Kites noted for having a bony shelf above the eye, Elanus is cosmopolitan, Gampsonyx is restricted to the New World and Chelictinia is found in Africa". This is in contrast to the Perninae, which are: "Kites mainly found in the tropics and specializing on insects and bee or wasp larvae, all lack the bony eye shield found in the Elaninae".[9]

Comparisons of sequences for certain mitochondrial marker genes indicate that some elanine kites split early from the rest of the Accipitridae. Wink and Sauer-Gurth[10] found that Elanus was less related than the osprey and secretary bird (which are often placed in a separate family), but noted that this was not strongly indicated.[note 6] However, Lerner and Mindell[9] found that the osprey was less related, but Elanus leucurus was basal to the other Accipitridae.

Negro and colleagues have discussed convergent traits between kites in the genus Elanus and owls, such as a lower acidity of the stomach and some specialized flight feathers otherwise not found in diurnal raptors.[11]

Lerner and Mindell[9] also found that Elanoides forficatus grouped with Perninae, such as the type species Pernis apivorus and the Australian endemics Lophoictinia and Hamirostra. Chelictinia, Machaerhamphus, and Gampsonyx were not included in these genetic sequencing studies.

Notes
  1. The choice between Westerman's name Machaerhamphus and Bonaparte's Macheiramphus has been problematic.[1][2] See bat hawk for further information.
  2. See "The Taxonomicon Taxon Tree: Elaninae". Archived from the original on 2014-10-28. and choose classification by Brodkorb 1964 or Grzimek 1974.
  3. "F. melanopterus Daud." is probably a junior synonym for Falco caeruleus Desfontaines 1789. "F. furcurtus Linn." is the swallow-tailed kite, which appears in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae as Falco forficatus, but as F. furcatus in the 12th edition.
  4. Peters gives the species and taxonomic authorities as follows: Elanus Savigny 1809 (7 subspecies in 4 species, see source for details); Chelictinia Lesson 1843 (monospecific, C. ricourii previously Elanoïdes ricourii Veillot 1822); and Machaeramphus Westerman 1848 (M. alcinus alcinus Westerman 1848 and M. a. anderssoni (= Stringonyx anderssoni Gurney 1865)).
  5. Elanoïdes Vieillot 1818, containing E. forficatus forficatus (=Falco forficatus Linné) and E. f. ytapa (=Milvus ytapa Veillot 1818)
  6. "Whether they share direct ancestry with the Accipitridae (as suggested by DNA-DNA hybridisation; Sibley & Ahlquist, 1990) cannot be settled with the current data set, since bootstrap values indicate a small support for these bifurcations."
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References
  1. Brooke, R. K.; Clancey, P. A. (1981). "The Authorship of the Generic and Specific Names of the Bat Hawk". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 101 (4): 371–372. Retrieved 28 October 2014. text, PDF
  2. Peterson, Alan P. (2013). "Zoonomen Nomenclatural data". Retrieved 28 October 2014.
  3. "The Taxonomicon". Retrieved 30 May 2010.
  4. Bonnaterre, Pierre Joseph; Vieillot, Louis-Pierre (1823). "Élanoïde". Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois regnes de la nature, part. 3. Paris. p. 1204.
  5. Vigors, Nicholas Aylward (June 1824). "On the groups of the Falconidæ". Sketches in Ornithology. The Zoological Journal. 1 (2): 308–346. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
  6. Vigors, Nicholas Aylward (October 1825). "On a new genus of Falconidæ". Sketches in Ornithology. The Zoological Journal. 2 (7): 385–386.
  7. Peters, James Lee (1931). "Elaninae". Check-list of birds of the world: volume 1. Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A.: Harvard University Press. pp. 192–194.
  8. Baquero Palma, Fernando Hernandez (2011). "Species account: Pearl Kite Gampsonyx swainsonii". Global Raptor Information Network. Archived from the original on 2011-11-19. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
  9. Lerner, Heather R. L.; Mindell, David P. (November 2005). "Phylogeny of eagles, Old World vultures, and other Accipitridae based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 37 (2): 327–46. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.04.010. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 15925523.
  10. Wink & Sauer-Gurth 2004
  11. Negro, Juan J.; Pertoldi, Cino; Randi, Ettore; Ferrero, Juan J.; López-Caballero, José M.; Rivera, Domingo; Korpimäki, Erkki (2006). Boal, Clint (ed.). "Convergent Evolution of Elanus Kites and the Owls" (PDF). Journal of Raptor Research. Raptor Research Foundation. 40 (3): 222–225. doi:10.3356/0892-1016(2006)40[222:CEOEKA]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0892-1016.
  • Brodkorb, P. 1964. Catalogue of Fossil Birds. Part 2: Anseriformes through Galliformes. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum, Biological Sciences 8 (3), 26 Jun 1964: 195–335.
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