Economy of Monaco

The economy of Monaco is reliant on tourism and banking.[9] Monaco, situated on the French coast of the Mediterranean Sea, is a popular resort, attracting tourists to its casino and pleasant climate.

Economy of Monaco
CurrencyEuro (EUR, €)
calendar year
Trade organisations
EUCU
Country group
High-income economy[1]
Statistics
Population 38,300 (1 January 2019 est.)[2]
GDP
  • $7.185 billion (nominal, 2018)[3]
  • $7.672 billion (PPP, 2015 est.)[4]
GDP rank
GDP growth
  • 4.9% (2015) 3.5% (2016)
  • −3.4% (2017) 6.1% (2018)[5]
GDP per capita
  • $185,741 (nominal, 2018)[6]
  • $115,700 (PPP, 2015 est.)[4]
GDP per capita rank
GDP by sector
1.5% (2010)[4]
Population below poverty line
NA[4]
0.956 very high (2008)[7]
Labour force
Labour force by occupation
  • agriculture: 0%
  • industry: 16.1%
  • services: 83.9%
  • (2012 est.)[4]
Unemployment2% (2012)[4]
Main industries
banking, insurance, tourism, construction, small-scale industrial and consumer products[4]
External
Exports$964.6 million (2017 est.)[4][note 2]
Imports$1.371 billion (2017 est.)[4][note 3]
NA[4]
Public finances
−1% (of GDP) (2011 est.)[4]
Revenues896.3 million (2011 est.)[4]
Expenses953.6 million (2011 est.)[4]
Main data source: CIA World Fact Book
All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars.

The Principality has successfully sought to diversify into services and small, high-value-added, nonpolluting industries. The state has no income tax and low business taxes and thrives as a tax haven both for individuals who have established residence and for foreign companies that have set up businesses and offices. The state retains monopolies in a number of sectors, including tobacco, the telephone network, and the postal service .

Though official economic statistics are not published, year 2011 estimates place the national product at $5.748 billion and the per capita income at $188,409. The unemployment rate is 2%, as of 2012.

Living standards are high and roughly comparable to those in the prosperous French metropolitan areas. Monaco does not publish national income figures; the estimates below are extremely rough.

Denture adhesion rings made in Monaco, Early to Mid 20th Century

Background

Economic development was spurred in the late 19th century with the opening of the rail link to France and a casino. Monaco's economy is now primarily geared toward finance, commerce, and tourism.

Modern times

Low taxes have drawn many foreign companies to Monaco and account for around 75% of the $5.748 billion annual GDP income in (2011). Similarly, tourism accounts for close to 15% of the annual revenue, as the Principality of Monaco also has been a major center for tourism ever since the famed Monte Carlo Casino, which was established in 1856. The casino is alluded to in the ABBA song Money, Money, Money.

Financial and insurance activities, along with scientific and technical activities are main contributors to GDP of Monaco.[10] Banking sector of Monaco is rather large: in 2015 consolidated banking assets 8.42 times exceeded the country's GDP. Banks operating in Monaco traditionally specialize in private banking, asset and wealth management services.

An economic and customs union with France governs customs, postal services, telecommunications, and banking in Monaco. Before the euro, Monaco used the French franc. Now part of the Eurozone, but not the EU, Monaco mints its own euro coins.

All residents pay tax in the form of 19.6% value-added tax on all goods and services.[11]

Monaco is noted for its activity in the field of marine sciences. Its Oceanographic Museum, formerly directed by Jacques-Yves Cousteau, is one of the most renowned institutions of its kind in the world. Monaco imports and exports products and services from all over the world. There is no commercial agriculture in Monaco; it is 100% urban.

Tax haven

Monaco levies no income tax on individuals. The absence of a personal income tax in the principality has attracted to it a considerable number of wealthy "tax refugee" residents from European countries who derive the majority of their income from activity outside Monaco; celebrities such as Formula One drivers attract most of the attention, but the vast majority of them are less well-known business people.

In 2000, a report by the French parliamentarians, Arnaud Montebourg and Vincent Peillon, alleged that Monaco had lax policies with respect to money laundering, including within its famed casino, and that the government of Monaco had been placing political pressure on the judiciary so that alleged crimes were not properly investigated.

In 1998, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) issued a first report on the consequences of the tax havens' financial systems. Monaco did not appear in the list of these territories until 2004, when OECD became indignant regarding the Monegasque situation and denounced it in its last report, as well as Andorra, Liechtenstein, Liberia and the Marshall Islands, underlining its lack of co-operation as regards to financial information disclosure and availability.

In 2000, the Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (FATF) stated: "The anti-money laundering system in Monaco is comprehensive. However, difficulties have been encountered with Monaco by countries in international investigations on serious crimes that appear to be linked also with tax matters. In addition, the FIU of Monaco (SICCFIN) suffers a great lack of adequate resources. The authorities of Monaco have stated that they will provide additional resources to SICCFIN." The Principality is no longer blamed in the 2005 FATF report, as well as all other territories. However, since 2003, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has identified Monaco, along with 36 other territories, as a tax haven.

The Council of Europe also decided to issue reports naming tax havens. Twenty-two territories, including Monaco, were thus evaluated between 1998 and 2000 on a first round. Monaco is the only territory that refuses to perform the second round, initially forecast between 2001 and 2003, whereas the 21 other territories are implementing the third and last round, planned between 2005 and 2007.

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See also

Notes
  1. "World Bank Country and Lending Groups". datahelpdesk.worldbank.org. World Bank. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
  2. "Population on 1 January". ec.europa.eu/eurostat. Eurostat. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
  3. "GDP (current US$) - Monaco". data.worldbank.org. World Bank. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  4. "EUROPE :: MONACO". CIA.gov. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  5. "GDP growth (annual %) - Monaco". data.worldbank.org. World Bank. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  6. "GDP per capita (current US$) - Monaco". data.worldbank.org. World Bank. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  7. Filling Gaps in the Human Development Index, United Nations ESCAP, February 2009
  8. "Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (national estimate) - Monaco". data.worldbank.org. World Bank. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  9. "Monaco". The World Facebook. CIA. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
  10. GDP Gross Domestic Product
  11. Genta, Evelyne (Monaco Ambassador to the UK) Monaco Might Not Charge Residents Income Tax, But it's No Tax Haven The Telegraph 16 Feb 2010
  1. includes all foreign workers
  2. full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates Monegasque trade duties; also participates in EU market system through customs union with France
  3. full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates Monegasque trade duties; also participates in EU market system through customs union with France
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