Embraer E-Jet family

The Embraer E-Jet family is a series of narrow-body short- to medium-range twin-engine jet airliners, carrying 66 to 124 passengers commercially, manufactured by Brazilian aerospace manufacturer Embraer. The aircraft family was first introduced at the Paris Air Show in 1999 and entered production in 2002. The series has been a commercial success primarily due to its ability to efficiently serve lower-demand routes while offering many of the same amenities and features of larger jets. The aircraft is used by mainline and regional airlines around the world but has proven particularly popular with regional airlines in the United States.

Embraer E-Jet family
E170 / E175 / E190 / E195
A JetBlue Airways ERJ-190
Role Narrow-body jet airliner
National origin Brazil
Manufacturer Embraer
First flight February 19, 2002
Introduction March 17, 2004 with LOT Polish Airlines
Status In service
Primary users Republic Airways
SkyWest Airlines
Azul Brazilian Airlines
JetBlue Airways
Produced 2001–present
Number built 1,566 As of 30 June 2020[1]
Program cost US$850 million (June 1999)[2]
Unit cost
E170: US$41.0 million (2016)[3]
E175: US$45.7 million (2017)[4]
E190: US$50.6 million (2017)[5]
E195: US$53.5 million (2017)[6]
Variants Embraer Lineage 1000
Developed into Embraer E-Jet E2 family

Development
Four-abreast seating in a Virgin Australia E190

Embraer first disclosed that it was studying a new 70-seat aircraft, which it called the EMB 170, in 1997, concurrently with announcing the development of its ERJ 135.[7] The EMB 170 was to feature a new wing and larger-diameter fuselage mated to the nose and cockpit of the ERJ 145.[8] The proposed derivative would have cost $450 million to develop.[9] While Alenia, Aerospatiale and British Aerospace through AI(R) were studying the Airjet 70 based on the ATR 42/72 fuselage for a 2,200 km (1,200 nmi) range, AI(R) and Embraer were studying a joint development of a 70-seater jet since their separate projects were not yet launched.[10]

In February 1999, Embraer announced it had abandoned the derivative approach in favour of an all-new design.[11] The E-jet family was formally launched at the Paris Air Show on 14 June 1999[12] as the ERJ-170 and ERJ-190, designations later changed to Embraer 170 and Embraer 190. Launch customers for the aircraft were the French airline Régional Compagnie Aérienne Européenne with ten orders and five options for the E170; and the Swiss airline Crossair with an order for 30 E170s and 30 E190s.[2]

Production of parts to build the prototype and test airframes began in July 2000.[11] The first prototype (PP-XJE)[13] rolled out on October 29, 2001 [12] at São José dos Campos, Brazil. Its first flight occurred 119 days later on February 19, 2002, marking the beginning of a multi-year flight test campaign. The aircraft was displayed to the public in May 2002 at the Regional Airline Association convention. Full production began in 2002, at a new factory built by Embraer at its São José dos Campos base.[14]

After a positive response from the airline community, Embraer launched the E175, which stretched the fuselage of the E170 by 1.78 metres (5.8 ft).[15] The first flight of the E175 took place on June 2003.[16] In 2003, jetBlue ordered 100 Embraer 190s, delivered from 2005.[17]

After several delays in the certification process, the E170 received type certification from the aviation authorities of Brazil, Europe and the United States in February 2004.[16][18]

Introduction
LOT Polish Airlines operated the first E-jet commercial flight on 17 March 2004 with an E170.

The first E170s were delivered in the second week of March 2004 to LOT Polish Airlines, followed by Alitalia and US Airways-subsidiary MidAtlantic Airways[18][19] LOT operated the first commercial flight of an E-jet on 17 March 2004, from Warsaw to Vienna.[20] Launch customer Crossair had in the meantime ceased to exist after its takeover of Swissair; and fellow launch customer Régional Compagnie Aérienne deferred its order,[11] not receiving its first E-jet—an E190LR—until 2006.[21])

The first E175 was delivered to Air Canada and entered service in July 2005.

Production

In 2008, the 400th E-jet was delivered to Republic Airlines in the U.S.[22] In September 2009, the 600th E-jet built was delivered to LOT Polish Airlines.[23] On October 10, 2012, Embraer delivered the 900th E-Jet to Kenya Airways, its 12th Ejet.[24] On 13 September 2013, the delivery of the 1,000th E-jet, an E175 to Republic Airlines for American Eagle, was marked by a ceremony held at the Embraer factory in São José dos Campos, with a special "1,000th E-Jet" decal above the cabin windows.[22][25]

On 6 December 2017, the 1,400th E-Jet was delivered, an E175; it had a backlog of over 150 firm orders on 30 September 2017.[26] On 18 December 2018, Embraer delivered the 1,500th E-Jet, an E175 to Alaska Air subsidiary Horizon Air, as Embraer claims an 80% market share of the North American 76-seaters. By then, the fleet had completed 25 million flight hours in 18 million cycles (an average of 1.4 h) with a 99.9% dependability.[27]

Operations

On 6 November 2008, the longest flight of an E190 was flown by JetBlue from Anchorage Airport to Buffalo International Airport over 2,694 nmi (4,989 km), a re-positioning flight after a two-month charter for Vice Presidential candidate Sarah Palin.[28]

On 14 October 2017, an Airlink Embraer 190-100IGW with 78 passengers aboard inaugurated the first scheduled commercial airline service in history to Saint Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean, arriving at Saint Helena Airport after a flight of about six hours from Johannesburg, South Africa, with a stop at Windhoek, Namibia. The flight began a once-a-week scheduled service by Airlink between Johannesburg and Saint Helena using Embraer 190 aircraft.[29] The inaugural flight was only the second commercial flight to Saint Helena in the island's history, and the first since a chartered Airlink Avro RJ85 landed at Saint Helena Airport on 3 May 2017.[30]

E-Jets Second Generation
An E190-E2 of Widerøe, its launch operator
Main article: Embraer E-Jet E2 family

In November 2011, Embraer announced that it would develop revamped versions of the E-Jet to be called the E-Jet E2 family. The new jets would feature improved engines that would be more fuel efficient and take advantage of new technologies.[31] Beyond the new engines, the E2 family would also feature new wings, improved avionics, and other improvements to the aircraft. The move came amid a period of high global fuel costs and better positions Embraer as competitors introduced new and more fuel efficient jets, including the Mitsubishi Regional Jet.[32] The new aircraft family also includes a much larger variant, the E195-E2 capable of carrying between 120 and 146 passengers. This jet better positions Embraer against the competing Airbus A220 aircraft. The PW1000G was previously selected for use on competing aircraft.

In January 2013, Embraer selected the Pratt & Whitney PW1000G geared turbofan engine to power the E2 family.[33][34] On February 28, 2018, The E190-E2 received its type certificate from the ANAC, FAA and EASA.[35] It is scheduled to enter service in the second quarter of 2018.[36]

Design
The flight deck of a China Southern Airlines Embraer E-Jet series aircraft

The Embraer E-Jets line is composed of two main commercial families and a business jet variant. The smaller E170 and E175 make up the base model aircraft. The E190 and E195 are stretched versions, with different engines and larger wing, horizontal stabilizer and landing gear structures. The 170 and 175 share 95% commonality, as do the 190 and 195. The two families share near 89% commonality, with identical fuselage cross-sections and avionics, featuring the Honeywell Primus Epic Electronic flight instrument system (EFIS) suite.[17] The E-jets also have winglets to improve efficiency.

All E-Jets use four-abreast seating (2+2) and have a "double-bubble" design, which Embraer developed for its commercial passenger jets, that provides stand-up headroom. The E190/195 series of aircraft have capacities similar to the initial versions of the McDonnell Douglas DC-9 and Boeing 737. The E-Jets have turbofan engines designed to reduce noise, which allows them to operate in airports that have strict noise restrictions, such as London City Airport.[37] At 185 sq in (0.119 m2), the E-Jet windows are larger than the 175 sq in (0.113 m2) Boeing 787 windows.[38]

Variants

E170

The E170 is the smallest aircraft in the E-Jet family and was the first to enter revenue service in March 2004. As of 2017, the E170 is largely out of production.[39] The E170 typically seats around 72 passengers in a typical single class configuration, 66 in a dual class configuration, and up to 78 in a high density configuration. The E170 directly competes with the Bombardier CRJ700 and loosely with the turboprop Bombardier Q400.

The jet is powered with General Electric CF34-8E engines of 14,200 pounds (62.28 kN) thrust each.

E175
The E175 was first delivered to and entered service with Air Canada in July 2005.

The E175 is a slightly stretched version of the E170 and first entered revenue service in July 2005.[16] The E175 typically seats around 78 passengers in a typical single class configuration, 76 in a dual-class configuration, and up to 88 in a high-density configuration. Like the E170, It is powered with General Electric CF34-8E engines of 14,200 pounds (62.28 kN) of thrust each. It competes with the Bombardier CRJ900 in the market segment previously occupied by the earlier BAe 146 and Fokker 70.

In late 2017, Embraer announced the E175SC (special configuration), limited to 70 seats like the E170 to take advantage of the E175 performance improvements, but still comply with US airline scope clauses limiting operators to 70 seats. Embraer is marketing the E175SC as a replacement for the older 70-seat Bombardier CRJ700 with better efficiency and a larger first class.[40]

In 2018, a new E175 has a value of US$27 million, projected to fall to US$3–8 million 13 years later due to their concentration in the US with more than 450 in service out of 560, with Republic and SkyWest operating over 120 each, Compass 55 and Envoy Air 45, after the similar experience with the CRJ200 and ERJ 145 demonstrates the limited remarketing opportunities.[41]

E190 and E195
The E190 launch customer jetBlue took its first delivery in 2005.
Flybe started E195 operations on 22 September 2006.

The E190/195 models are a larger stretch of the E170/175 models fitted with a new, larger wing, a larger horizontal stabilizer, two emergency overwing exits, and a new engine. The Embraer 190 is fitted with two underwing-mounted GE 34-8E-10 turbofan engines, rated at 82.29kN. The engines and engine nacelles are supplied by General Electric. The engines are equipped with full authority digital engine control (FADEC).

The fully redundant, computerized management system continuously optimizes the engine performance resulting in reduced fuel consumption and maintenance requirements. The aircraft carries 13,000kg of fuel and is fitted with a Parker Hannifin fuel system.

Two slightly different versions of the E190[42] and the E195[43] exist: LR and AR.

The aircraft is equipped with a Hamilton Sundstrand auxiliary power unit and electrical system. The GE CF34-10E, rated at 18,500 lb (82.30 kN). These aircraft compete with the Bombardier CRJ-1000 and Airbus A220-100, the Boeing 717, 737-500, and 737-600, and the Airbus A318. It can carry up to 100 passengers in a two-class configuration or up to 124 in the single-class high-density configuration.[44]

The first flight of the E190 was on March 12, 2004 (PP-XMA),[45] with the first flight of the E195 (PP-XMJ)[45] on December 7 of the same year. The launch customer of the E190 was New York-based low-cost carrier JetBlue with 100 orders options in 2003 and took its first delivery in 2005.[17] British low-cost carrier Flybe was the first operator of the E195, had 14 orders and 12 options, and started E195 operations on 22 September 2006.[46] Flybe have since decided that they would remove the aircraft from their fleet in favour of the Dash 8 Q400 and Embraer 175, in an effort to reduce costs, by 2020.[47]

Air Canada operated 18 E190 aircraft fitted with 9 business-class and 88 economy-class seats as part of its primary fleet. They were retired in May of 2020. JetBlue, American Airlines, and Georgian Airways operate the E190 as part of their own fleet. Austrian Airlines have 17 E195 aircraft in their mainline fleet.[48]

By 2018, the first E190s value was below US$10 million and can be leased below US$100,000, while most recent ones are worth US$30 million and can be leased for less than US$200,000 per month.[49]

Embraer Lineage 1000
Main article: Embraer Lineage 1000
Lineage 1000 cabin

On 2 May 2006, Embraer announced plans for the business jet variant of the E190, the Embraer Lineage 1000 (type name ERJ190-100 ECJ). It has the same structure as the E190, but with an extended range of up to 4,200 nmi (7,800 km), and luxury seating for up to 19. It was certified by the US Federal Aviation Administration on 7 January 2009. The first two production aircraft were delivered in December 2008.

Undeveloped variants

E195X

Embraer considered producing an aircraft which was known as the E195X, a stretched version of the E195. It would have seated approximately 130 passengers. The E195X was apparently a response to an American Airlines request for an aircraft to replace its McDonnell Douglas MD-80s.[50] Embraer abandoned plans for the 195X in May 2010, following concerns that its flight range would be too short.[51]

Operators
SkyWest Airlines is one of the largest E-jet operators.
Main article: List of Embraer E-Jet operators

As of July 2019, the Embraer fleet consists of the following aircraft:[52][53]

Orders and deliveries
See also: Embraer E-Jet E2 family

List of Embraer's E-Jet family deliveries and orders:

Model Deliveries Firm Order Backlog
E170 191 —
E175 639 159
E190 564 4
E195 172 —
Total 1,566 163

Source: Embraer's order book as of June 30, 2020.[53]

Accidents and incidents

The E-jet was involved in 21 incidents involving seven hull losses.[54] Of the seven hull-losses, six are accidents causing 44 fatalities and one is criminal causing 33 fatalities, while one hijacking caused 2 fatalities.[55]

Accidents with fatalities
  • On 24 August 2010, Henan Airlines Flight 8387, an E190 that departed from Harbin, People's Republic of China, crash-landed about 1 km short of the runway at Yichun Lindu Airport, resulting in 44 deaths.[56]
  • On 29 June 2012, during Tianjin Airlines Flight 7554 in China, six passengers carrying explosives stood up and announced a hijacking but were subdued by the other occupants, the E190 returned to Hotan Airport where the hijackers were apprehended and two of them later died in hospital from injuries received in the fight.[57]
  • On 29 November 2013, LAM Mozambique Airlines Flight 470, an E190, crashed in Namibia, killing all 33 aboard (27 passengers, 6 crew members) by the deliberate actions of the pilot.[58] The first officer reportedly left the cockpit to use the bathroom. He was then locked out by the captain, who dramatically reduced the aircraft's altitude and ignored various automated warnings ahead of the high-speed impact.[59]

Hull losses with no fatalities
  • On 17 July 2007, Aero República Flight 7330 overran the runway while landing at Simón Bolívar International Airport in Santa Marta, Colombia. The E190 slid down an embankment off the side of the runway and came to rest with the nose in shallow water. The aircraft was damaged beyond repair, but all 60 aboard evacuated unharmed.[60]
  • On 16 September 2011, an E190 operated by TAME landed long and ran off the end of the runway at Mariscal Sucre International Airport in Quito, colliding with approach equipment and a brick wall. The crew reportedly failed to adhere to the manufacturer's procedures in the event of a flap malfunction, continuing the approach in spite of the aircraft's condition. Eleven of the 103 aboard received minor injuries, and the aircraft was written off.[61]
  • On 31 July 2018, Aeroméxico Connect Flight 2431, an E190 bound for Mexico City, crashed in Durango, Mexico shortly after takeoff. 99 passengers and 4 crew were on board. Although there were no fatalities, the aircraft was destroyed by the ensuing fire.[62] The probable cause was attributed to "loss of control [...] by low altitude windshear that caused a loss of speed and lift" with contributing factors from the crew and the Navigation Services.[63]

Other incidents
  • On 18 February 2007, Shuttle America Flight 6448 (an E170 operating for Delta Connection) ran off the runway on landing at Cleveland Hopkins International Airport, Ohio in poor visibility during a snowstorm. None of the 75 passengers and crew aboard were injured, and the aircraft, while significantly damaged, was repaired and returned to service.[64]
  • On 4 December 2016, SkyWest Airlines flight 5588, an E175 operating as a United Express flight from Houston Intercontinental Airport, Texas to Monterrey, Mexico, was diverted to San Antonio International Airport, Texas after experiencing an abnormal landing gear indication. Upon landing, the nose gear of the aircraft collapsed, and the aircraft came to rest on runway 04. Of the 51 passengers and 4 crew members, only one minor injury was sustained during the evacuation. During recovery of the aircraft, it was discovered that a failed downlock spring on the nose gear had prevented the landing gear from locking in the down position.[65][66]
  • On 12 May 2019, Myanmar National Airlines E190 flight UB-103 to Mandalay, Myanmar had to land without the nosewheel, which failed to deploy. There were no casualties reported among the 82 passengers and 7 crew.[67]
  • On 6 November 2019, American Eagle E175 flight AA4439 returned to Atlanta Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport after suffering severe controllability issues after takeoff: ATC flight data recorded the crew stating a "trim runaway" and a "stalling situation". The data shows the aircraft rapidly climbing to 15,100 ft (4,600 m), slowing down to 160 knots (300 km/h), while performing nearly two full right turns.[68][69][70][71][72][73]

Specifications
Flight crew 2 pilots
Cabin E170[74] E175[75] E190[76] E195[44]
Single class seats 72@32" - 78@30-33" 78@32" - 88@29" 100@31/32" - 114@29/30” 116@31/32" - 124@29-31"
Dual class seats 66 (6F@40", 60Y@32") 76 (12F@36", 64Y@31") 96 (8F@38", 88@31") 100 (12F@42", 88Y@33")
Height × width 2.00m × 2.74m / 6 ft 7in × 9 ft 0in
Dimensions E170[77] E175[78] E190[79] E195[80]
Length 29.90m / 98 ft 1in 31.68m / 103 ft 11in 36.24m / 118 ft 11in 38.65m / 126 ft 10in
Wingspan 26.00m / 85 ft 4in 28.72 m / 94 ft 3in
Wing area 72.72m² / 783 ft²[81] 92.53m² / 996 ft²[82]
Aspect ratio 9.3 8.91
Height 9.85m / 32 ft 4in 9.86m / 32 ft 4in 10.57m / 34 ft 8in 10.55m / 34 ft 7in
Maximum takeoff (AR) 38,600 kg / 85,098 lb 40,370 kg / 89,000 lb 51,800 kg / 114,199 lb 52,290 kg / 115,280 lb
Basic Operating 21,141 kg / 46,608 lb 21,890 kg / 48,259 lb 27,837 kg / 61,370 lb 28,667 kg / 63,200 lb
Max payload 9,759 kg / 21,515 lb 10,110 kg / 22,289 lb 13,063 kg / 28,800 lb 13,933 kg / 30,716 lb
Max fuel 9,335 kg / 20,580 lb 12,971 kg / 28,596 lb
Powerplant E170[83] / E175[84] E190[85] / E195[86]
Turbofans 2× GE CF34-8E 2× GE CF34-10E
Thrust 2× 14,200 lbf (63 kN) 2× 20,000 lbf (89 kN)
Performance E170[87] E175[88] E190[89] E195[90]
Max. speed / ceiling Mach .82 (470 kn; 871 km/h; 541 mph) @ 41,000 ft (12,000 m)
Cruise Mach .75 (430 kn; 797 km/h; 495 mph) Mach .78 (447 kn; 829 km/h; 515 mph)
Range[lower-alpha 1] 2,150nmi / 3,982 km 2,200nmi / 4,074 km 2,450nmi / 4,537 km 2,300nmi / 4,260 km
Takeoff (MTOW, ISA, SL) 1,644m / 5,394 ft 2,244m / 7,362 ft 2,100m / 6,890 ft 2,179m / 7,149 ft
Landing (MLW, ISA, SL) 1,241m / 4,072 ft 1,261m / 4,137 ft 1,244m / 4,081 ft 1,275m / 4,183 ft
gollark: Although given my code quality they probably mostly work as a somewhat costly way to bother me into fixing it myself!
gollark: PRs welcome!
gollark: No.
gollark: It's equating "tolerance" meaning being utterly okay with a thing and "tolerance" meaning not actively censoring it, roughly.
gollark: The paradox of tolerance is just equivocational beeoids regarding tolerance, though?

See also
E190 planform view

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

Related lists

References

Notes
  1. 100 nm alternate, typical mission reserves

Citations
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