Dudley Wolfe

Dudley Francis Cecil Wolfe (February 6, 1896 – July 30, 1939) was an American racing yacht owner and captain who was the first person to race a sixty-foot yacht across the Atlantic, competing against much larger vessels. He was to inherit a large fortune from his maternal grandfather provided he changed his family name to "Smith", to which he agreed before reverting again. Wolfe became posthumously famous when he died on the 1939 American Karakoram expedition to K2 in controversial circumstances.

Dudley Wolfe
Dudley Wolfe, cropped from an official 1939 expedition group photograph
Born
Dudley Francis Cecil Wolfe

(1896-02-06)February 6, 1896
New York state[1]
Diedc. July 30, 1939(1939-07-30) (aged 43)
K2 mountain
Burial placeGodwin-Austen Glacier
MonumentsRockland, Maine
NationalityAmerican
Other namesDudley Wolfe Smith
OccupationBusinessman, socialite
Known forRacing yacht owner/captain, 1939 American K2 expedition
Spouse(s)
Alice Blaine Damrosch
​
(
m. 1934; div. 1938)
[2][3]
Childrennone

Family background

Dudley Wolfe was born in New York on February 6, 1896 to Dudley Wolfe and Mabel Florence Wolfe (née Smith). His father had immigrated from England in 1888 and was a coffee importer. Claiming to have an aristocratic background, Wolfe senior mixed in New York high society telling entirely fictitious stories of his life tiger hunting in India and so forth.[4]

His mother was the daughter of the immensely wealthy Benjamin Franklin Smith,[note 1] who together with his three brothers had made their money in gold and silver mining in Colorado in the mid 1800s. They wisely sold at the height of the boom to move into real estate and railroads. When they returned to Maine in the 1880s they were thought to be worth $20 to $30 million (roughly $500 to $700 million in 2018). Benjamin's three brothers had no children so he was able to pass down the entire estate.[5]

Wolfe's parents had married on October 15, 1892 and within a year his father's business was bankrupt. Despite these circumstances, the family lived a wealthy lifestyle thanks to a steady flow of cash from his mother's family. The couple had four children, three sons and a daughter – Dudley was the middle son. They had lavish educations at a series of boarding schools but none of the boys did well academically at school. Dudley was, however, good at sports – football, hockey, running, boating and hunting. Wolfe senior died in May 1908, and Mabel remarried a Nebraska businessman, Joseph Baldridge, and moved to Omaha. Eventually Wolfe's academic progress was so poor that he was not allowed to continue at Phillips Academy even though the headmaster recognized his "faithful, conscientious effort" and the goodwill he had engendered at the school.[6]

Wartime

In 1916, unable to find a satisfactory job, Wolfe tried to join the WWI war effort by applying to join several branches of the U.S. military but he was rejected because of poor eyesight and flat feet. He then put himself on the year-long waiting list for the French Foreign Legion, while in the meantime joining the Red Cross ambulance corps. In 1917 he sailed for Europe. In Liverpool by complete chance he met Lucien Wolf who, for the first time, told him of his father's true background. Lucien Wolf's brother, Dudley Wolf (before he changed his name to Wolfe), had been the son of a Bohemian Jew who escaped antisemitic uprisings in 1848 to become a tobacconist in London. Wolfe's grandmother, Céline Redlich,[note 2] had came from Vienna. It is not clear whether the Smith side of his family ever knew about Dudley Wolf(e)'s true background.[9][10]

Wolfe volunteered to work at various war fronts driving an ambulance, a slightly converted Model T Ford, under appalling conditions taking wounded soldiers back from the front to the field hospitals. Later joining the Italian Ambulance Service he was awarded the Italian Croce di Guerra and a campaign medal on the Italian front. After ten months' ambulance service, in October 1918 he was called up into the Foreign Legion but only served for a month up to the armistice – he was awarded the French Volunteer Medal and Campaign Medal. Phillips Academy now acclaimed him as having won more medals than any other alumnus.[11][1]

Inheritance

Wolfe stayed in Europe for a year before returning to Omaha to take part in running the family real estate business. This was not to his liking so every summer he went to Maine for yacht racing. In 1924 he left Omaha for good and that year he and his brothers were summoned to the vast Maine estate of their 94-year-old grandfather Smith.[12] Grandfather Benjamin Smith's fortune was by then worth $70 to $100 million (roughly $800 million to $1.2 billion in 2018) – reputedly he was the richest man in New England. By strong family tradition his fortune would normally have been inherited by Mabel's brother but he had died long ago after leaving one son, Clifford. Smith so strongly disapproved of Clifford that he announced that his heirs would be his three grandsons from Mabel. The proviso was that the three boys were required to change their family name to Smith and they agreed to do this legally. However, after a while Dudley felt the change of name had been disloyal to his father so he went to his grandfather to say he would change back and decline the inheritance. The elder Smith was impressed with this principled stance and agreed to leave the share of his fortune to him anyway; Grandfather Smith died in 1927.[note 3][14]

Sporting youth

Wolfe was gentle, cheerful and rather shy. He was very stockily built, strong and very determined. Although he was extremely wealthy he was not ostentatiously so in his manner although he had refined tastes.[15] He owned a large estate on the coast of Maine, likened by his nephew to something from The Great Gatsby, with Rolls–Royces, large power boats and sailing yachts.[16] In 1925 he was accepted by Harvard University despite not having the required academic qualifications – he eventually graduated in 1930.[note 4] He joined the elite unofficial "Dicey" chapter of Delta Kappa Epsilon and the "Owl Club", easily meeting the requirements of social status and wealth. Despite being ten years older than his colleagues he was popular and respected for his experiences of the war and his yachting successes.[17]

Wolfe raced in a range of international and local yachting competitions. He raced his new yacht to win the Brooklyn Yacht Club's deep-sea Challenge Cup in 1925.[note 5] In 1929 he commissioned a sixty-foot schooner, calling it Mohawk, and entered the transatlantic "King and Queen's Cup Classic" although no one previously had raced a sixty-foot yacht across the ocean. Captaining the vessel he came in second despite competing against yachts of one hundred feet and over.[19] He also commissioned a racing cutter Highland Light in which he took part in the 1931 Fastnet Race.[1]

Wolfe moved to live in Europe where he participated in climbing and skiing in the Alps, appointing guides to help him. He became an accomplished skier – he achieved a ski traverse across the Mont Blanc massif – but he struggled to master the technicalities of climbing.[20]

Marriage

In 1934 at St Anton in the Austrian Alps, he noticed and asked to be introduced to Alice Blaine Damrosch.[note 6] Damrosch was the eldest daughter (born May 18, 1892) of Walter Damrosch, the American conductor. She had married Hall Pleasants Pennington in 1914 but deserted him early in the morning on the first day after their wedding. She went on to have many romances but she and her husband remained friends and only divorced in the late 1920s when she moved from the United States to Austria.[note 7] She spent her life socializing, skiing and hunting, and was the first woman to ski down the ice wall of Tuckerman's Ravine. The couple married in October 1934 and maintained homes in New York, Maine and Austria. By 1938, although still in love with his wife, Wolfe decided he wanted to be a single man again so he asked Damrosch for divorce. She was devastated but they continued living together even after the divorce became final.[22]

K2 expedition
Main article: 1939 American Karakoram expedition to K2

In early 1938 Wolfe and his wife held a party in their Fifth Avenue apartment in Manhattan to show friends photographic slides of their climbing and skiing activities in Europe. Fritz Wiessner, the famous German-American mountain climber, had been invited and he was on the lookout for wealthy mountaineers who might be willing to join in, and pay for, an expedition he was organising to attempt to climb the second-highest mountain in the world, the 28,251 feet (8,611 m) K2. At the time, none of the 14 mountains over 8000 metres had been climbed. When Wiessner broached the subject with him Wolfe was immediately hooked, despite his inexperience in climbing high mountains.[23][24]

On December 10, 1938, Wolfe sailed on the Georgic to stay with Alice for Christmas in Austria before leaving for India. Their divorce had become final in November but she had invited him to be with her all the same. In early spring he tried and failed to reach the summits of Mont Blanc and Piz Palu, even with a guide. In March 1939 he met Wiessner in England where they bought climbing equipment to complement the sports clothes he had purchased in New York.[25] The whole team boarded the SS Conte Biancamano in Genoa on March 29, 1939, to sail to Bombay with Wolfe paying to upgrade all the tickets to first class.[26][27]

Throughout the expedition Wolfe and Alice wrote each other loving letters. At Srinigar at the start of the expedition proper Wolfe was dismayed to find out that Wiesner had not taken his advice to bring two-way radios. On the march-in to K2 base camp Wolfe coped as well as anyone else and started off strongly when it came to climbing the mountain. However, above Camp II he was noticeably slow and was criticised for this by some of his colleagues. Wiessner favoured him over the other team members because he was less complaining and had good endurance. He did not take any sort of lead, however, and merely plodded up to each camp after it had been established by other climbers. In this way he got further up the mountain than any of the Americans except Wiessner.[28][29]

No one had bottled oxygen and by Camp VIII at 25,300 feet (7,700 m) on July 14 Wolfe could get no higher so he waited there for seven days while Wiessner and Pasang Dawa Lama made their failed summit bid. Then, descending with the others to Camp VII at 24,700 feet (7,500 m) he waited another seven days under appalling conditions while his two companions went down further to get help. As they reached each camp they found nobody there and any equipment had been removed so they went on and on down until they arrived at base camp.[30][31] As one of three attempts at rescue, on July 29 three Sherpas managed to climb up to Wolfe and might conceivably have rescued him except that he was by then in a terrible mental state and refused to go down asking them to return the next day. After that the Sherpas themselves also died on the mountain.[32][33]

In the months and years to come there were strong recriminations over whether Wiessner had abandoned Wolfe or had done his best to rescue him; why the expedition had been an organisational failure; why Wolfe had been allowed to climb so high (and why he had been allowed on the expedition at all); and whether the Sherpas should have been allowed to try and rescue him. Wolfe's brother Clifford Warren Smith considered taking legal action but in the end he decided to drop the case.[34][35]

In 2002 skeletal remains were found on the Godwin-Austen Glacier at the foot of K2. Close by were ancient bits of mountaineering equipment and a leather mitten marked "Wolfe". An ancient dinner plate from amongst the debris was inscribed with Wolfe's name to make a plaque for the nearby Gilkey Memorial[note 8] which at that time had the names of 52 other climbers who had died on K2.[37][33]

Notes
  1. Not to be confused with the Canadian Benjamin Franklin Smith.
  2. ODNB says Céline,[7] Jordan says Cecili.[8]
  3. His two brothers, Clifford Warren and Grafton, retained the name of Smith.[13]
  4. Harvard accepted candidates with lower qualifications if they were socially appropriate and paid cash.[13]
  5. The only time he raced under the name "Dudley Wolfe Smith" after that racing as "Dudley F. Wolfe".[18]
  6. Jordan describes Damrosch as "an attractive woman with a heroically female body – curvaceous, strong and statuesque".[21]
  7. In Austria she bravely beguiled the German authorities into releasing Jewish friends from detention, including Hans Kraus.[2]
  8. The Gilkey Memorial was constructed in 1953 to the memory of Art Gilkey who died on the American K2 expedition of that year.[36]
gollark: This is using a *significant* amount of my CPU and possibly network.
gollark: (carcinized)
gollark: I may need an "incdec-rs".
gollark: Yes, it seems like under heavy load people get dropped somehow?
gollark: Incdec is a cool fixpoint.

References

Citations
  1. "Highland Light - a lost heritage - Sandeman's Yachting Chronicles". Sandeman’s Yachting Chronicles. August 8, 2012. Archived from the original on October 30, 2018. Retrieved October 30, 2018.
  2. Jordan (2010), p. 54.
  3. Newsweek. 14. Newsweek. 1939. p. 79. Archived from the original on October 30, 2018. Retrieved October 30, 2018.
  4. Jordan (2010), pp. 28–30.
  5. Jordan (2010), pp. 28–29.
  6. Jordan (2010), pp. 28–34.
  7. "Wolf, Lucien (1857–1930)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/38145. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  8. Jordan (2010), pp. 36–37.
  9. Jordan (2010), pp. 34–38.
  10. Conefrey (2015), p. 107.
  11. Jordan (2010), pp. 38–42.
  12. Jordan (2010), pp. 42–43.
  13. Jordan (2010), p. 46.
  14. Jordan (2010), pp. 30,42–47.
  15. Jordan (2010), pp. 21–22,50.
  16. Kauffman & Putnam (1992), pp. 40–41.
  17. Jordan (2010), pp. 46–47.
  18. Jordan (2010), p. 45.
  19. Jordan (2010), pp. 42,45–48.
  20. Jordan (2010), pp. 50–52.
  21. Jordan (2010), p. 51.
  22. Jordan (2010), pp. 51–57.
  23. Jordan (2010), pp. 20–26.
  24. Isserman & Weaver (2008), pp. 216–222.
  25. Jordan (2010), pp. 79–99.
  26. Kauffman & Putnam (1992), pp. 45–50.
  27. Jordan (2010), p. 97.
  28. Jordan (2010), pp. 113–183.
  29. Kauffman & Putnam (1992), pp. 57–111,183.
  30. Jordan (2010), pp. 180–220.
  31. Kauffman & Putnam (1992), pp. 112–132.
  32. Isserman & Weaver (2008), pp. 220–221.
  33. Tremlett, Giles (July 19, 2002). "Melting snows shed new light on K2's great mystery". The Guardian. Archived from the original on October 29, 2018. Retrieved October 30, 2018.
  34. Kauffman & Putnam (1992), pp. 141–143,150.
  35. Jordan (2010), pp. 249–259.
  36. Jordan (2010), p. 277.
  37. Jordan (2010), pp. 16–19,278.

Works cited

Further reading
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