Hardcore (electronic dance music genre)

Hardcore is a subgenre of electronic dance music that originated in the Netherlands and Germany[3] in the 1990s. It is distinguished by faster tempos (160 to 200 BPM or more[4]), the intensity of the kicks and the synthesized bass (in some subgenres),[5] the rhythm and the atmosphere of the themes (sometimes violent),[6] the usage of saturation and experimentation close to that of industrial dance music. It would spawn subgenres such as gabber.

Not to be confused with electronicore, hardcore punk, breakbeat hardcore, or happy hardcore.
"Doomcore" redirects here. It is not to be confused with sludge metal, which fuses doom metal and hardcore punk.
Hardcore
Stylistic origins
Cultural originsLate 1980s – early 1990s,[1] Netherlands (Rotterdam), Belgium, Germany (Frankfurt)
Typical instruments
Subgenres
Fusion genres
Other topics

History

Early 1970s to early 1980s

To understand the emergence of hardcore one has to go back to the 1970s and early 1980s, to find signs of hard electronic dance music within industrial music. Groups such as Throbbing Gristle, Coil, Cabaret Voltaire, SPK, Foetus and Einstürzende Neubauten produced music using a wide range of electronic instruments. The message diffused by industrial was then very provocative. Some of the musical sounds and experimentation of industrial have directly influenced hardcore since the beginning of the movement.

1980s

In the mid-1980s, under the influence of the Belgian group Front 242, electronic body music (EBM), a new genre more accessible and more dancing inspired by industrial and new wave, appeared.[7] This style is characterized by minimalism, cold sounds unlike disco, funk or house, with powerful beats, generally combined with aggressive vocals and an aesthetic close to industrial or punk music.[7] When EBM has met new beat, another Belgian genre, and acid house, the music has changed to a harder sound.[8] All the elements were here for the arrival of hardcore.

The most commonly used wordmark for early hardcore

The term hardcore is not new in the music world. It was first used to designate a more radical movement within punk rock (Black Flag, Minor Threat, Bad Brains...) which, in addition to hardening the music, also attached importance to their attitude and their way of life as in the street where it was born: violent, underground, but engaged and sincere. The term has then been reused when hip hop emerged in the late 1980s, designating the harder part of the hip hop, with the same characteristics: a harder sound, engaged lyrics and a whole way of life dedicated to the respect of the values shown by rappers like KRS-One or Public Enemy. The term hardcore techno has first been used by EBM groups like à;GRUMH..., Pankow,[9] and Leæther Strip[10][11] in the late 1980s, although their music had nothing to do with hardcore. à;GRUMH...'s Sucking Energy (Hard Core Mix), released in 1985, was the first track ever to use the term hardcore, within an EDM context.

1990s

In 1990, German producer Marc Trauner (also known as Mescalinum United) claimed to have released the first hardcore techno track with "We Have Arrived".[12] The British group Together released its track "Hardcore Uproar", also in 1990. Music journalist Simon Reynolds has written books on hardcore techno, covering bands like L.A. Style and Human Resource.

In the early 1990s, the terms "hardcore" and "darkcore" were also used to designate some primitive forms of breakbeat and drum and bass which were very popular in England and from which have emerged several famous producers like the Prodigy, Lords of Acid and also Goldie. It introduced sped up hip-hop breakbeats, piano breaks, dub and low frequency basslines and cartoon-like noises, which has been retrospectively called 'old skool' hardcore, and is widely regarded as the progenitor of happy hardcore (which later lost the breakbeats) and jungle (which alternatively lost the techno style keyboard stabs and piano breaks).

Around 1993, the style became clearly defined and was simply named "hardcore", as it left its influences from Detroit techno.[13]

Paul Elstak, the founder of Rotterdam Records.

The official birth of hardcore is supposedly[12][14] known from the release of the 1990 track "We Have Arrived" by the German producer Mescalinum United, of Frankfurt.[10][15] Trauner founded the label Planet Core Productions in 1989 and has produced more than 500 tracks, including 300 by himself until 1996.[10] Another important name of the hardcore scene was PCP: Miroslav Pajic, better known as Miro. His group PCP popularized a slow, heavy, minimal and very dark form of hardcore that is now designated as "darkcore" or "doomcore". In the United States, the New York pioneer of techno Lenny Dee launched the label Industrial Strength Records in 1991[15] that has federated a large part of the American scene, making New York one of the biggest centers of early American hardcore. Other American producers on the label included Deadly Buda and the Horrorist, but the label has also produced producers from other nationalities. At the same time in Rotterdam, the DJs and producers Paul Elstak[16] and Rob Fabrie popularized a speedier style, with saturated bass-lines, quickly known as "gabber" (now called "early hardcore"), and its more commercial and accessible form, happy hardcore.[15][17]

Paul Elstak founded Rotterdam Records in 1992, which became the first hardcore label in the Netherlands.[18] In 1992 at Utrecht, a large rave called The Final Exam[19] led to the creation of the label ID&T. Launched in 1993, the concept of Thunderdome quickly popularized hardcore music in Europe with a catalogue of CD compilations and events, attracting thousands of young people that launched the gabber movement. Just during the single year of 1993, four compilations were released with increasing success.[20][21][22][23] Many artists on the compilations have become well-known figures in the scene, notably 3 Steps Ahead, DJ Buzz Fuzz, The Dreamteam, Neophyte, Omar Santana, and Charly Lownoise and Mental Theo in the gabber/happy hardcore registry. The same year, the label Mokum Records was created[15] by Freddy B who had success with artists and groups like Technohead[24][25][26][27] Tellurian, the Speedfreak, Scott Brown,[28] and the Belgian musician Liza N'Eliaz,[29] pioneer of speedcore.

In England, the members of the sound system Spiral Tribe,[30] including Stormcore, 69db, Crystal Distortion and Curley hardened their acid-breakbeat sound, becoming the pioneers of the "acidcore" and "hardtechno" genres. In 1994, they founded the label Network 23 which among others has produced Somatic Responses, Caustic Visions and Unit Moebius, establishing the musical and visual basis of the free party rave.

In France, the pioneers of hardcore include Laurent Hô.[31]

In the late 1990s, hardcore progressively changed as early hardcore waned in popularity. This left a place for other hardcore-influenced styles like mákina and hardstyle.

2000s

Under the influence of Hardstyle and industrial hardcore, a new scene was developing featuring DJ Promo and his label The Third Movement. This scene now known as mainstream hardcore emerged in the early 2000s with a modern, mature, slower, and sophisticated form.[14] It was successful in Europe, especially in Netherlands and Italy,[14] with producers and groups like Endymion, Kasparov, Art of Fighters, The Stunned Guys and DJ Mad Dog. Happy hardcore continues its movement underground and has evolved bringing out other related genres such as eurobeat, UK hardcore, Freeform hardcore and Full-on Hardcore.

Labels such as Enzyme Records, Crossbones and Bloc 46 have produced darkcore artists, like Ruffneck, Fifth Era and The Outside Agency.

As the free party movement was successful in all the Europe, freetekno appeared. Numerous producers and labels emerged representing the hardtechno and the frenchcore genres: Epileptik, Audiogenic, Les Enfants Sages, Tekita, Breakteam, Mackitek, B2K and Narkotek.

2010s

The early 2010s saw the rise of hardcore internationally, with artists such as Angerfist gaining popularity quickly. The hardcore scene thrived during this period with many new producers and labels making their mark on the scene, both in Europe and the rest of the world, appearing even at North America's biggest music festival, Electric Daisy Carnival. In 2011, Angerfist entered the DJ Mag Top 100 at position #39. [32]

The middle of the decade saw a shift in popularity, from mainstream hardcore to faster styles such as frenchcore, uptempo hardcore and terrorcore. Although these styles existed previously already, an increase in artists and events around 2015 helped these styles develop and move to the forefront of the audience's attention. The shift from the older range of 160-180 beats per minute to 200+ changed the hardcore market, creating a demand for more energetic and intense hardcore than before. Artists like Sefa & Dr. Peacock saw a quick rise within the scene and influenced the musical direction to a louder, faster, but more melodic and euphoric style. [33] Major artists from other genres such as Marshmello, Carnage, Porter Robinson [34] and Headhunterz [35] started to occasionally play faster hardcore in their sets.

The end of the decade saw rapid growth of the hardcore scene in Europe. Hardcore festivals within the Netherlands saw a significant rise in attendance. 2019's edition of Thunderdome reached an attendance of almost 40,000 people and became the biggest hardcore event to ever take place. [36] Regular large scale events hardcore started happening outside of the Netherlands in countries like Spain [37], Russia [38], Austria [39], Switzerland [40] and the Czech Republic [41] among other European countries. In America hardcore remains a relatively underground genre, but can be found in major cities being pushed by independent promoters and artists.

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See also

References
  1. Jon Savage. "Machine soul - A History Of Techno". Retrieved 11 May 2012.
  2. Ship, Jesse (August 22, 2012). "Bassnectar Calls Emerging Metalstep Genre a 'Natural Progression'". Noisecreep. Retrieved January 1, 2015.
  3. David Robb (2002). "Techno in Germany:Its Musical Origins and Cultural Relevance" (PDF). pp. 134–135. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
  4. "PSYCHEDELIC FREESTYLE | A-wave.com|=awave". Retrieved 12 May 2012.
  5. Dirk Moelants (13 September 2003). "Dance Music, Movement and Tempo Preferences" (PDF). p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
  6. Ishkur. "Ishkur's guide". Retrieved 8 May 2013.
  7. "EuroPopMusic : Electronic Body Music". EuroPopMusic. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
  8. Johannes Ripken (10 May 2012). "Dance Music History – First electronic sounds, via Disco, House, Dance to current developments". Johannes Ripken. Archived from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
  9. SPEX music magazine: Hardcore-Techno-Beat aus Florenz!, p.49, issue 9/89, September 1989
  10. Reynolds Simon (1998). Energy Flash: A Journey Through Rave Music and Dance Culture. ISBN 978-0330350563.
  11. New Life Soundmagazine (October–November, 1989).
  12. "Mescalinum United - Biography". Planet Lyrics. Retrieved 8 May 2013. Trauner was co-founder of record label Planet Core Productions and has been credited with creating the first hardcore techno/gabber track in 1990, 'We Have Arrived', under the name of Mescalinum United
  13. "Griffith University ePress". dj.dancecult.net. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
  14. "Gabba Hardcore Dance Music". fantazia. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
  15. Peter Shapiro (1999). Drum 'n' bass: the rough guide : [jungle, big beat, trip hop]. p. ?.
  16. "DJ Paul Elstak". djguide.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 8 May 2013.
  17. Vladimir Bogdanov (2011). All music guide to electronica: the definitive guide to electronica.
  18. "Mid-town History". Rotterdam Records. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
  19. "EVENTS.the past". Thunderdome. 20 June 1992. Archived from the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
  20. 5th Raider (31 December 2004). "Thunderdome I : Fuck Mellow, This Is Hardcore From Hell Review". gabber.no.sapo.pt. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
  21. 5th Raider (19 July 2001). "Thunderdome II : Back From Hell! Review". gabber.no.sapo.pt. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
  22. 5th Raider (30 July 2001). "Thunderdome III : The Nightmare Is Back Review". gabber.no.sapo.pt. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
  23. 5th Raider (22 August 2007). "Thunderdome IV : The Devil's Last Wish Review". gabber.no.sapo.pt. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
  24. British and American hit singles: 51 years of transatlantic hits. p. 2071.
  25. "Banana-Na-Na". Retrieved 27 January 2013.
  26. "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Technohead - I Wanna Be a Hippy)". Musikindustrie.de (in German). Retrieved 17 January 2013.
  27. "Daniel Leeflang Bio". Mokum Records. Retrieved 11 January 2013. [...] and "I wanna be a hippy" which gave him a gold record for 25,000 copies sold in Germany only.
  28. Wyburn, Claire (April 1996). "Scott Brown: The King of Scottish Hardcore". M8 (85): 10–11.
  29. Des pratiques artistiques des jeunes (in French). 2003. p. 43.
  30. Stéphane Hampartzoumian (2004). Effervescence techno: Ou la communauté trans(e)cendantale (in French). p. 153.
  31. Morgan Jouvenet (2006). Rap, techno, électro...: Le musicien entre travail artistique et son organisation (in French). pp. 137–138.
  32. "Angerfist: The Masked Marauder of Hardcore". Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  33. "Life Is Suffering And Sefa Is Going To The Top". Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  34. "LIL TEXAS' AMERICAN HARDCORE HAS BEEN ADDED TO THE SNAKEPIT LINE-UP:". Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  35. "Headhunterz @ SLAM! MixMarathon XXL - ADE 2018". Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  36. "Thunderdome: 25 years of hardcore". Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  37. "Masters of Hardcore Spain 2019". Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  38. "Masters of Hardcore Russia". Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  39. "Masters of Hardcore Austria 2018". Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  40. "Masters of Hardcore Switzerland 2019". Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  41. "X-massacre 2018". Retrieved 18 March 2020.
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