Acid house

Acid house (also simply known as just "acid") is a subgenre of house music developed around the mid-1980s by DJs from Chicago. The style is defined primarily by the "squelching" sounds and deep basslines of the Roland TB-303 electronic bass synthesizer-sequencer.[1] Acid house spread to the United Kingdom and continental Europe, where it was played by DJs in the acid house and later rave scenes. By the late 1980s, acid house had moved into the British mainstream, where it had some influence on pop and dance styles.

For the 1994 short story collection by Irvine Welsh, see The Acid House.
Acid house
Stylistic origins
Cultural originsMid-1980s, Chicago, United States
Derivative forms
Other topics
Styles of house music
Part of a series on
Psychedelia

Acid house brought house music to a worldwide audience.[3] The influence of acid house can be heard on later styles of dance music including trance, breakbeat hardcore, jungle, big beat, techno and trip hop.[4][5]

Characteristics
The Roland TB-303 bass synthesizer provided the electronic squelch sounds often heard in acid house tracks.

Acid house's minimalist production aesthetic combined house music's ubiquitous programmed four-on-the-floor 4/4 beat with the electronic squelch sound produced by the Roland TB-303 electronic synthesizer-sequencer by constantly modulating its frequency and resonance controls to create movement in otherwise simple bass patterns. "Exploration of texture" is preferred over melody; "a refusal of the metaphysical priorities of western music discourse."[6] Other elements, such as synthetic strings and stabs, were usually minimal. Sometimes tracks were instrumentals such as Phuture's "Acid Tracks", or contained full vocal performances such as Pierre's Pfantasy Club's "Dream Girl", while others were essentially instrumentals complemented by the odd spoken word 'drop-in', such as Phuture's "Slam".[3]

Etymology

There are conflicting accounts about the origin of the term acid. One account ties it to Phuture's "Acid Tracks". Before the song was given a title for commercial release, it was played by DJ Ron Hardy at a nightclub[7] where psychedelic drugs were reportedly used.[8] The club's patrons called the song "Ron Hardy's Acid Track" (or "Ron Hardy's Acid Trax").[7] The song was released with the title "Acid Tracks" on Larry Sherman's label Trax Records in 1987. Sources differ on whether it was Phuture or Sherman who chose the title; Phuture's DJ Pierre says the group did because the song was already known by that title,[7] but Sherman says he chose the title because the song reminded him of acid rock.[9] Regardless, after the release of Phuture's song, the term acid house came into common parlance.[7]

Some accounts say the reference to "acid" may be a celebratory reference to psychedelic drugs in general, such as LSD, as well as the popular club drug Ecstasy (MDMA).[10] According to Rietveld, it was the house sensibility of Chicago, in a club like Hardy's The Music Box, that afforded it its initial meaning. In her view "acid connotes the fragmentation of experience and dislocation of meaning due to the unstructuring effects on thought patterns which the psychedelic drug LSD or 'Acid' can bring about.[11] In the context of the creation of "Acid Tracks" it indicated a concept rather than the use of psychedelic drugs in itself.[12]

Some accounts disavow psychedelic connotations. One theory, holding that acid was a derogatory reference towards the use of samples in acid house music, was repeated in the press and in the British House of Commons.[13] In this theory, the term acid came from the slang term "acid burning", which the Oxford Dictionary of New Words calls "a term for stealing."[10][14] In 1991, UK Libertarian advocate Paul Staines claimed that he had coined this theory to discourage the government from adopting anti-rave party legislation.[15][16]

History

Origins (mid-1980s)

Before the term "acid house" was introduced, rawer early acid house was "hi-NRG,"[17] a type of bassline-driven electronic music that began with disco music that discarded its funk element, starting with Giorgio Moroder productions for Donna Summer. However, the earliest recorded examples of acid house are a matter of debate.

At least one historian considers the Phuture's "Acid Trax" to be the genre's earliest example;[9] DJ Pierre says it may have been composed as early as 1985,[18] but it was not released until 1987. Another points out Sleezy D's "I've Lost Control" (1986) was the first to be released on vinyl, but it is impossible to know which track was created first.[18]

Indian music

In the 21st century, reports surfaced about a 1982 album that sounds similar to what would later be called acid house. The album, Synthesizing: Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat, is by Charanjit Singh, a Bollywood session musician from Bombay, and features Indian ragas fused with disco.[19][20] The album was recorded using the same basic Roland equipment often used for the later acid house music: the TR-808 and particularly the TB-303, which Singh was one of the first musicians to utilize.[20] The record was initially a commercial failure in India and eventually forgotten, but its re-discovery in 2002 and eventual re-release in early 2010 has prompted comparisons to acid house music, with a few writers even considering it to be the first example of an acid house record.[19][20][21]

Chicago movement (mid-1980s–late 1980s)
Main article: Chicago house

The first acid house records were produced in Chicago, Illinois. Phuture, a group founded by Nathan "DJ Pierre" Jones, Earl "Spanky" Smith Jr., and Herbert "Herb J" Jackson, is credited with having been the first to use the TB-303 in house music (the instrument had been used earlier in disco records by Charanjit Singh in 1982,[19][20] in hi-NRG,[17] Alexander Robotnick in 1983).[22] The group's 12-minute "Acid Tracks" was recorded to tape and was played by DJ Ron Hardy at the Music Box, where Hardy was resident DJ. Hardy once played it four times over the course of an evening until the crowd responded favorably.[7] Chicago's house music scene suffered a crackdown on parties and events by the police. Sales of house records dwindled and, by 1988, the genre was selling less than a tenth as many records as at the height of the style's popularity.[23] However, house and especially acid house was beginning to experience a surge in popularity in Britain.[24]

London house scene (late 1980s–1990s)
See also: Second Summer of Love, Rave, and Rave music

London's club Shoom opened in November 1987[25] and was one of the first clubs to introduce acid house to the clubbing public of the UK. It was opened by Danny Rampling and his wife, Jenny. The club was extremely exclusive and featured thick fog, a dreamy atmosphere and acid house.[26] This period began what some call the Second Summer of Love, a movement credited with a reduction in football hooliganism: instead of fights, football fans were listening to music, taking ecstasy, and joining the other club attendees in a peaceful movement that has been compared to the Summer of Love in San Francisco in 1967.[27]

Another club called Trip was opened in June 1988 by Nicky Holloway at the Astoria in London's West End.[28] Trip was geared directly towards the acid house music scene. It was known for its intensity and stayed open until 3 AM. The patrons would spill into the streets chanting and drew the police on regular occasions. The reputation that occurrences like this created along with the UK's strong anti-club laws started to make it increasingly difficult to offer events in the conventional club atmosphere. Considered illegal in London during the late 80s, after-hour clubbing was against the law. However, this did not stop the club-goers from continuing after-hours dancing. Police would raid the after-hour parties, so the groups began to assemble inside warehouses and other inconspicuous venues in secret, hence also marking the first developments of the rave.[29] Raves were well attended at this time and consisted of single events or moving series of parties thrown by production companies or unlicensed clubs. Two well-known groups at this point were Sunrise, who held particularly massive outdoor events, and Revolution in Progress (RIP), known for the dark atmosphere and hard music at events which were usually thrown in warehouses[29] or at Clink Street, a South East London nightclub housed in a former jail. With promoters like ( The Big Lad ) Shane Mckenzie and the Gang back in 1987 doing small parties in NW london and moving the Rave from the streets and the fields to the clubs of London 1990- 2005 seeing the future of raves in clubs all over the UK and Spain.[30]

The Sunrise group threw several large acid house raves in Britain which gathered serious press attention. In 1988 they threw "Burn It Up," 1989 brought "Early Summer Madness," "Midsummer Night's Dream," and "Back to the Future." They advertised huge sound systems, fairground rides, foreign DJs, and other attractions. Many articles were written sensationalizing these parties and the results of them, focusing especially on the drug use and out-of-control nature that the media perceived.[31]

Once the term acid house became more widely used, participants at acid house-themed events in the UK and Ibiza made the psychedelic drug connotations a reality by using club drugs such as ecstasy and LSD.[30][32][33] The association of acid house, MDMA, and smiley faces was observed in New York City by late 1988.[34] This coincided with an increasing level of scrutiny and sensationalism in the mainstream press,[35] although conflicting accounts about the degree of connection between acid house music and drugs continued to surface.[36]

Acid house was also popular in Manchester. The Thunderdome (which was generally advertised as a Techno night) in Miles Platting was at the epicenter of the scene and gave rise to acts like 808 State, Jam MC's, Steve Williams and Jay Wearden. The genre was extremely popular with the city's football hooligans. According to Manchester United football hooligan Colin Blaney in Hotshot: The Story of a Little Red Devil, the acid house venues were the only place where rival hooligan gangs would mix without coming to blows with one another.[37]

Media attention (late 1980s–1990s)

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, news media and tabloids devoted an increasing amount of coverage to the hedonistic acid house/rave scene, focusing on its association with psychedelic drugs and club drugs. The sensationalist nature of the coverage may have contributed to the banning of acid house during its heyday from radio, television, and retail outlets in the United Kingdom. The moral panic of the press began in 1988, when the UK tabloid The Sun, which only weeks earlier had promoted acid house as "cool and groovy" while running an offer on acid smiley face t-shirts, abruptly turned on the scene. On October 19, the tabloid ran with the headline "Evils of Ecstasy," linking the acid house scene with the newly popular and relatively unknown drug. The resultant panic incited by the tabloids eventually led to a crackdown on clubs and venues that played acid house and had a profound negative impact on the scene.[38]

Despite this, one tune broke through into the mainstream in November 1988. Stakker Humanoid, produced by Brian Dougans (later of Future Sound of London), was a hit not just at influential clubs like The Haçienda in Manchester or Shoom in London, but was championed by mainstream stalwarts like Radio DJ Bruno Brookes and Kylie and Jason producer Pete Waterman. It went on to reach number 17 in the UK charts in November 1988, leading to Dougans' appearance on Top of the Pops on 1 December 1988.[39]

Legacy

New beat

New beat is a mid-tempo electronic dance music genre[40], that appeared in Belgium in mid-to-late 1980s. It is called to be Belgium's version of acid house and a precursor to European house and techno.[41]

Notable artists
  • 808 State – A group of house/techno musicians from Manchester formed in 1988. The group's first album, Newbuild, was acid house, and occasional acid house influences appear in later tracks
  • A Guy Called Gerald – for the single "Voodoo Ray" + 808 State cofounder for "Newbuild"
  • Adamski – English musician, for "Killer" (with Seal)
  • Adonis – Another Chicago house musician, for "We're Rockin Down The House" and "No Way Back"
  • Alaska y Dinarama – A Spanish group of acid house from Madrid formed in 1983. The group's last album, Fan Fatal, was acid house.
  • Armando – Chicago acid house musician, for "Land of Confusion" and many other seminal tracks
  • Baby Ford – English producer Peter Frank Adshead. 1988 release "Oochy Koochy" and first album, "Fordtrax", influenced by acid house
  • Bam Bam – Another Chicago house musician, for "Where Is Your Child" and "Give It To Me"
  • DJ Pierre – A member of Phuture, released various solo acid house tracks and remixes
  • D Mob – Best known for 1988 UK #3 hit "We Call It Acieed"
  • Fast Eddie – Another Chicago house musician, for "Acid Thunder"
  • Humanoid – Scottish producer Brian Dougans, for 1988 UK #17 hit "Stakker Humanoid"
  • The KLF – For "What Time Is Love?" and their self-described "stadium house" sound, which mixes acid house with hip-hop, pop, and stadium rock/chant influences
  • LFO - British musicians Mark Bell and Gez Varley, for 1991 UK #42 album Frequencies and 1996 UK #44 album Advance
  • Lil Louis – Another Chicago house musician, for "Frequency"
  • Mr. Lee – Another Chicago house musician who released several acid house tracks in 1988
  • Maurice – Chicago house musician best known for the 1988–1989 hit "This Is Acid"
  • Phuture – Chicago-based group of acid-house pioneers, formed in 1985 and best known for its classic 1987 single "Acid Tracks," which is considered to be the 12-inch single that gave birth to the acid house movement
  • Psychic TV – Released early albums of acid house music in 1988 as fake compilations
  • Kevin Saunderson – Detroit house musician known as Reese & Santonio with his hit "Rock To the Beat", covered by 101
  • Samantha Fox – For "Love House" and "I Wanna Have Some Fun"
  • S'Express – Brought acid house to number one in the United Kingdom with "Theme from S-Express"
  • The Shamen – Psychedelic dance act formed as a rock band in Aberdeen, Scotland in 1986. One of the first groups to bring acid house and techno into the mainstream

Aesthetics

English acid house and rave fans used the yellow smiley face symbol simply as an emblem of the music and scene, a "vapid, anonymous smile" that portrayed the "simplest and gentlest of the Eighties’ youth manifestations" that was non-aggressive, "except in terms of decibels" at the high-volume DJ parties.[42] Some acid house fans used a smiley face with a blood streak on it, which Watchmen comics creator Alan Moore asserts was based on Dave Gibbons' artwork for the series.[43] The origin of this usage was the bloodied smiley from Watchmen on the label of "Beat Dis" by Bomb the Bass.[44]

gollark: It's actually quite complicated. Has loads of weird special casing.
gollark: Python isn't simple.
gollark: "English as syntax" has never worked.
gollark: no.
gollark: undefined badoption types good

See also

References
  1. "Acid House Entry". AllMusic.
  2. "Electronic Musician." (1992). 7-12 (8), Polyphony Publishing Company/University of California, p. 7, ISSN 0884-4720. Quote: "[House] derivations include deep house (an integration of Chicago house and New York R&B), acid house, a hybrid of hi-NRG and conventional dance music), and hip house (a mixture of house, hip hop, and rap)."
  3. Vladimir Bogdanov (ed.), All Music Guide to Electronica: The Definitive Guide to Electronic Music (4 ed.), Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, pp. vii, ISBN 0879306289
  4. "Trance". Allmusic. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
  5. Shapiro, Peter (2000). Modulations: A History of Electronic Music. Caipirinha Productions Inc. pp. 76–77. ISBN 0-8195-6498-2.
  6. Gilbert, Jeremy (September 19, 1999). "Discographies: Dance Music Culture and the Politics of Sound". Discographies: Dance Music Culture and the Politics of Sound. Routledge. p. 175. Retrieved 2020-08-07.
  7. Cheeseman, Phil. "The History Of House".
  8. Bidder, Sean (2001) Pump Up the Volume, Channel Four – see also the first episode of the accompanying television series
  9. Hillegonda C Rietveld (1998) This Is Our House: House Music, Cultural Spaces and Technologies Aldershot: Ashgate. ISBN 978-1-85742-242-9
  10. The Oxford Dictionary of New Words (Knowles, Elizabeth [ed], Elliott, Elizabeth [ed]). Second Edition, Oxford University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-19-863152-9.
  11. Rietveld, H. C., This is Our House: House Music, Cultural Spaces and Technologies, Ashgate Publishing, Aldershot, 1998 (ISBN 978-1857422429).
  12. Rietveld, H.C., This is Our House: House Music, Cultural Spaces and Technologies, Ashgate Publishing, Aldershot, 1998 (ISBN 978-1857422429), p. 143.
  13. Quoted in the British House of Commons Hansard, 9 March 1990, column 1111.
  14. Rushkoff, Douglas (1994, 2nd ed. 2002). Cyberia: Life in the Trenches of Cyberspace. ISBN 1-903083-24-9.
  15. Staines, Paul (1991). "Acid House Parties Against the Lifestyle Police and the Safety Nazis" article in Political Notes (ISSN 0267-7059), issue 55 (ISBN 1-85637-039-9). Also quoted in Saunders, Nicholas with Doblin, Rick (July 1, 1996). Ecstasy: Dance, Trance & Transformation, Quick American Publishing Company. ISBN 0-932551-20-3.
  16. Garratt, Sheryl (May 6, 1999). Adventures in Wonderland: Decade of Club Culture. Headline Book Publishing Ltd. (UK). ISBN 0-7472-5846-5.
  17. Luke Bainbridge (2014). The True Story of Acid House: Britain’s Last Youth Culture Revolution. Music Sales Group. ISBN 0857128639. Retrieved 2020-08-07.
  18. Cheeseman 1992. "I've Lost Control" was made by Adonis and Marshall Jefferson and was certainly the first acid track to make it to vinyl, though which was created first will possibly never be known for sure.
  19. Pattison, Louis (10 April 2010). "Charanjit Singh, acid house pioneer". The Guardian.
  20. Aitken, Stuart (10 May 2011). "Charanjit Singh on how he invented acid house ... by mistake". The Guardian.
  21. William Rauscher (12 May 2010). "Charanjit Singh – Synthesizing: Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat". Resident Advisor. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  22. Shapiro, Peter (2000). Modulations: A History of Electronic Music. Caipirinha Productions Inc. p. 32. ISBN 0-8195-6498-2.
  23. Shapiro, Peter (2000). Modulations: A History of Electronic Music. Caipirinha Productions Inc. p. 34. ISBN 0-8195-6498-2.
  24. Finnegan, Rory. Rave New World – Commercialisation Of Rave. Fantazia. Retrieved 2011-10-23 from http://www.fantazia.org.uk/Scene/ravenewworld.htm Archived 2011-11-02 at the Wayback Machine.
  25. Reynolds, Simon. Generation Ecstasy. pg. 59
  26. Shapiro, Peter (2000). Modulations: A History of Electronic Music. Caipirinha Productions Inc. p. 60. ISBN 0-8195-6498-2.
  27. Shapiro, Peter (2000). Modulations: A History of Electronic Music. Caipirinha Productions Inc. p. 64. ISBN 0-8195-6498-2.
  28. Reynolds, Simon. Generation Ecstasy. p. 61.
  29. Shapiro, Peter (2000). Modulations: A History of Electronic Music. Caipirinha Productions Inc. p. 62. ISBN 0-8195-6498-2.
  30. Reynolds, Simon. Generation Ecstasy. p. 63.
  31. Unknown. "Sunrise Profile". Fantazia. Archived from the original on 2007-12-02. Retrieved 2008-01-15. Youngsters were so high on Ecstacy and cannabis they ripped the birds’ heads off;
  32. DeRogatis, Jim (December 1, 2003). Turn on Your Mind: Four Decades of Great Psychedelic Rock, 436. Google Print. ISBN 0-634-05548-8 (accessed June 9, 2005). Also available in print from Hal Leonard.
  33. Donnally, Trish. (October 17, 1988). Article published in the San Francisco Chronicle and distributed via the Los Angeles Times Syndicate to other newspapers and published under various headlines.
  34. Foderaro, Lisa (1988-12-18). "At some Manhattan nightclubs, 'X' marks the 'inner circle's' perfect drug". San Diego Union. p. A–45. This article was distributed by the New York Times News Service and published under various headlines in several U.S. newspapers.
  35. Takiff, Jonathan. (December 14, 1988). Philadelphia Daily News—BBC banned all records that mentioned acid
  36. Leary, Mike. (November 24, 1988). Philadelphia Inquirer.
  37. Colin Blaney, Hotshot: The Story of a Little Red Devil, Milo Books, p. 157
  38. "Rave's relationship to the Media". Fantazia Rave Archive. Archived from the original on 24 October 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-23.
  39. Stuart Aitken (11 November 2013). "Stakker Humanoid: how the Future Sound of London won hearts and minds". guardian.co.uk.
  40. Brabazon, Tara (2011). Popular Music: Topics, Trends & Trajectories. SAGE. p. 181. ISBN 978-1-84787-436-8. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  41. "Join in the chant: Inside the cult of EBM". Resident Advisor. Retrieved 2020-08-15.
  42. The Independent, March 3, 1990: “Acid House, whose emblem is a vapid, anonymous smile, is the simplest and gentlest of the Eighties’ youth manifestations ... non-aggressive (except in terms of decibels).”
  43. Dave Walsh (2003). "The Alan Moore interview". Blather. Archived from the original on 21 June 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-09. There were big coincidences happening around the work [sic] and then all of a sudden the central image of it has been nicked on all these acid house t-shirts everywhere.
  44. Savage, Jon (2009-02-21). "The history of the smiley face symbol". the Guardian. Retrieved 2016-06-28.

Further reading
  • Bussmann, Jane. (1998) Once in a Lifetime: The Crazy Days of Acid House and Afterwards. London: Virgin. ISBN 0-7535-0260-7.
  • Collin, Matthew; Godfrey, John. (1st edition, April 1997; 2nd edition, November 15, 1998). Altered State: The Story of Ecstasy Culture and Acid House. Serpent's Tail. ISBN 1-85242-377-3 (1st edition); ISBN 1-85242-604-7 (2nd edition).
  • Shapiro, Peter (ed.), et al. (October 15, 2000). Modulations: A History of Electronic Music: Throbbing Words on Sound. Charles Rivers Publishing Co. ISBN 1-891024-06-X.
  • ED DMX. (January 22, 2014) "The 20 best acid house records ever made". FACT magazine. http://www.factmag.com/2014/01/22/20-best-acid-house/
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