Sandia National Laboratories

The Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), managed and operated by the National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia (a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International), is one of three National Nuclear Security Administration research and development laboratories in the United States. Their primary mission is to develop, engineer, and test the non-nuclear components of nuclear weapons and high technology. Headquartered in Central New Mexico near the Sandia Mountains, on Kirtland Air Force Base in Albuquerque, Sandia also has a campus in Livermore, California, next to Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and a test facility in Waimea, Kauai, Hawaii.[5]

Sandia National Laboratories
Established1949
Research typeNational security, nuclear science
BudgetUS$3.6 billion[1]
DirectorJames S. Peery (January 1, 2020–)[2]
Stephen Younger[3] (May 2017–December 2019)
Staff11,500 [4]
Students830 [4]
LocationAlbuquerque, New Mexico; Livermore, California.
Campus8,699 acres (35.20 km2)
Named after
Sandia Mountains in the Albuquerque metropolitan area
Operating agency
National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia, under the direction of Honeywell International (since May 1, 2017)
Websitewww.sandia.gov

It is Sandia's mission to maintain the reliability and surety of nuclear weapon systems, conduct research and development in arms control and nonproliferation technologies, and investigate methods for the disposal of the United States' nuclear weapons program's hazardous waste. Other missions include research and development in energy and environmental programs, as well as the surety of critical national infrastructures. In addition, Sandia is home to a wide variety of research including computational biology, mathematics (through its Computer Science Research Institute), materials science, alternative energy, psychology, MEMS, and cognitive science initiatives. Sandia formerly hosted ASCI Red, one of the world's fastest supercomputers until its recent decommission, and now hosts ASCI Red Storm, originally known as Thor's Hammer. Sandia is also home to the Z Machine. The Z Machine is the largest X-ray generator in the world and is designed to test materials in conditions of extreme temperature and pressure. It is operated by Sandia National Laboratories to gather data to aid in computer modeling of nuclear guns. In December 2016, it was announced that National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia, under the direction of Honeywell International, would take over the management of Sandia National Laboratories starting on May 1, 2017.[6][7][8][3]

Lab history
One of Sandia's first permanent buildings (Building 800) was completed in 1949

Sandia National Laboratories' roots go back to World War II and the Manhattan Project. Prior to the United States formally entering the war, the U.S. Army leased land near an Albuquerque, New Mexico airport known as Oxnard Field, to service transient Army and U.S. Navy aircraft. In January 1941 construction began on the Albuquerque Army Air Base, leading to establishment of the Bombardier School-Army Advanced Flying School near the end of the year. Soon thereafter it was renamed Kirtland Field, after early Army military pilot Colonel Roy C. Kirtland, and in mid-1942 the Army acquired Oxnard Field. During the war years facilities were expanded further and Kirtland Field served as a major Army Air Forces training installation.

In the many months leading up to successful detonation of the first atomic bomb, the Trinity test, and delivery of the first airborne atomic weapon, Project Alberta, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Director of Los Alamos Laboratory, and his technical advisor, Hartly Rowe, began looking for a new site convenient to Los Alamos for the continuation of weapons development – especially its non-nuclear aspects. They felt a separate division would be best to perform these functions. Kirtland had fulfilled Los Alamos' transportation needs for both the Trinity and Alberta projects, thus, Oxnard Field was transferred from the jurisdiction of the Army Air Corps to the U.S. Army Service Forces Chief of Engineer District, and thereafter, assigned to the Manhattan Engineer District. In July 1945, the forerunner of Sandia Laboratory, known as "Z" Division, was established at Oxnard Field to handle future weapons development, testing, and bomb assembly for the Manhattan Engineer District. The District-directive calling for establishing a secure area and construction of "Z" Division facilities referred to this as "Sandia Base" , after the nearby Sandia Mountains — apparently the first official recognition of the "Sandia" name.

Lab directors and presidents
NameTenure
James S. PeeryJanuary 2020–[2]
Stephen YoungerMay 2017
–December 2019[3]
Jill M. HrubyJuly 2015
–May 2017[9][10]
Paul HommertJuly 2010
–July 2015[11][10]
Thomas HunterApril 2005
–July 2010[12]
C. Paul RobinsonAugust 1995
–April 2005[13]
Albert Narath1989–1995[14]
Irwin WelberFebruary 1986
–March 1989[15][16]
George C. DaceyAugust 1981
–January 1986[15][17]
Morgan SparksOctober 1972
–July 1981[15][18]
John A. HornbeckNovember 1966
–September 1972[15]
Siegmund P. "Monk" SchwartzSeptember 1960
–October 1966[15]
Julius MolnarOctober 1958
–August 1960[15]
James W. McRaeSeptember 1953
–September 1958[15]
Donald A. QuarlesMarch 1952
–August 1953[15]
George LandryOctober 1949
–February 1952[15]

Sandia Laboratory was operated by the University of California until 1949, when President Harry S. Truman asked Western Electric, a subsidiary of American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T), to assume the operation as an "opportunity to render an exceptional service in the national interest." Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Western Electric, was formed on October 5, 1949, and, on November 1, 1949, took over management of the Laboratory.[19] The United States Congress designated Sandia Laboratories as a National laboratory in 1979. In October 1993, Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) was managed and operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin. As of May 2017, management of Sandia National Laboratory transitioned to National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International,[6][7][8][3][20] covering government-owned facilities in Albuquerque, New Mexico (SNL/NM); Livermore, California (SNL/CA); Tonopah, Nevada; Shoreview, Minnesota; and Kauai, Hawaii. SNL/NM is headquarters and the largest laboratory, employing more than 6,600 employees, while SNL/CA is a smaller laboratory, with about 850 employees. Tonopah and Kauai are occupied on a "campaign" basis, as test schedules dictate.

Sandia led a project that studied how to decontaminate a subway system in the event of a biological weapons attack (such as anthrax). As of September 2017, the process to decontaminate subways in such an event is "virtually ready to implement," said a lead Sandia engineer.[21]

On February 13, 2007, a New Mexico State Court found Sandia Corporation liable for $4.7 million in damages for the firing of a former network security analyst, Shawn Carpenter, who had reported to his supervisors that hundreds of military installations and defense contractors' networks were compromised and sensitive information was being stolen – including hundreds of sensitive Lockheed documents on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter project. When his supervisors told him to drop the investigation and do nothing with the information, he went to intelligence officials in the United States Army and later the Federal Bureau of Investigation to address the national security breaches. When Sandia managers discovered his actions months later, they revoked his security clearance and fired him.[22]

In 2014 an investigation determined Sandia Corp. used lab operations funds to pay for lobbying related to the renewal of its $2 billion contract to operate the lab. Sandia Corp. and its parent company, Lockheed Martin, agreed to pay a $4.8 million fine.[23]

Technical areas
A researcher displays a model of the Big Hill cavern field in Texas, part of the nation’s Strategic Petroleum Reserve

SNL/NM consists of five technical areas (TA) and several additional test areas. Each TA has its own distinctive operations; however, the operations of some groups at Sandia may span more than one TA, with one part of a team working on a problem from one angle, and another subset of the same team located in a different building or area working with other specialized equipment. A description of each area is given below.

TA-I operations are dedicated primarily to three activities – the design, research, and development of weapon systems; limited production of weapon system components; and energy programs. TA-I facilities include the main library and offices, laboratories, and shops used by administrative and technical staff.

TA-II is a 45-acre (180,000 m2) facility that was established in 1948 for the assembly of chemical high explosive main charges for nuclear weapons and later for production scale assembly of nuclear weapons. Activities in TA-II include the decontamination, decommissioning, and remediation of facilities and landfills used in past research and development activities. Remediation of the Classified Waste Landfill which started in March 1998, neared completion in FY2000. A testing facility, the Explosive Component Facility, integrates many of the previous TA-II test activities as well as some testing activities previously performed in other remote test areas. The Access Delay Technology Test Facility is also located in TA-II.

TA-III is adjacent to and south of TA-V [both are approximately seven miles (11 km) south of TA-I]. TA-III facilities include extensive design-test facilities such as rocket sled tracks, centrifuges and a radiant heat facility. Other facilities in TA-III include a paper destructor, the Melting and Solidification Laboratory and the Radioactive and Mixed Waste Management Facility (RMWMF). RMWMF serves as central processing facility for packaging and storage of low-level and mixed waste. The remediation of the Chemical Waste Landfill, which started in September 1998, is an ongoing activity in TA-III.

TA-IV, located approximately 1/2 mile (1 km) south of TA-I, consists of several inertial-confinement fusion research and pulsed power research facilities, including the High Energy Radiation Megavolt Electron Source (Hermes-III), the Z Facility, the Short Pulsed High Intensity Nanosecond X-Radiator (SPHINX) Facility, and the Saturn Accelerator. TA-IV also hosts some computer science and cognition research.

TA-V contains two research reactor facilities, an intense gamma irradiation facility (using cobalt-60 and caesium-137 sources), and the Hot Cell Facility.

SNL/NM also has test areas outside of the five technical areas listed above. These test areas, collectively known as Coyote Test Field, are located southeast of TA-III and/or in the canyons on the west side of the Manzanita Mountains. Facilities in the Coyote Canyon Test Field include the Solar Tower Facility (34.9623 N, 106.5097 W), the Lurance Canyon Burn Site and the Aerial Cable Facility.

Open-source software

In the 1970s, the Sandia, Los Alamos, Air Force Weapons Laboratory Technical Exchange Committee initiated the development of the SLATEC library of mathematical and statistical routines, written in FORTRAN 77.

Today, Sandia National Laboratories is home to several open-source software projects:

  • FCLib (Feature Characterization Library) is a library for the identification and manipulation of coherent regions or structures from spatio-temporal data.[24] FCLib focuses on providing data structures that are "feature-aware" and support feature-based analysis.[24] It is written in C and developed under a "BSD-like" license.[25]
  • LAMMPS (Large-scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator) is a molecular dynamics library that can be used to model parallel atomic/subatomic processes at large scale.[26] It is produced under the GNU General Public License (GPL) and distributed on the Sandia National Laboratories website as well as SourceForge.[26]
  • LibVMI is a library for simplifying the reading and writing of memory in running virtual machines, a technique known as virtual machine introspection.[27] It is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License.[27]
  • MapReduce-MPI Library is an implementation of MapReduce for distributed-memory parallel machines, utilizing the Message Passing Interface (MPI) for communication. It is developed under a modified Berkeley Software Distribution license.[28]
  • MultiThreaded Graph Library (MTGL) is a collection of graph-based algorithms designed to take advantage of parallel, shared-memory architectures such as the Cray XMT, Symmetric Multiprocessor (SMP) machines, and multi-core workstations.[29][30] It is developed under a BSD License.[29]
  • ParaView is a cross-platform application for performing data analysis and visualization.[31] It is a collaborative effort, developed by Sandia National Laboratories, Los Alamos National Laboratories, and the United States Army Research Laboratory, and funded by the Advanced Simulation and Computing Program.[31] It is developed under a BSD license.[31]
  • Pyomo is a python-based optimisation Mathematical Programming Language with drivers with most commercial and open-source solver engines
  • Soccoro, a collaborative effort with Wake Forest and Vanderbilt Universities, is object-oriented software for performing electronic-structure calculations based on density-functional theory.[32] It utilizes libraries such as MPI, BLAS, and LAPACK and is developed under the GNU General Public License.[32]
  • Titan Informatics Toolkit is a collection of cross-platform libraries for ingesting, analyzing, and displaying scientific and informatics data.[33][34] It is a collaborative effort with Kitware, Inc., and uses various open-source components such as the Boost Graph Library.[33] It is developed under a New BSD license.[33]
  • Trilinos is an object-oriented library for building scalable scientific and engineering applications, with a focus on linear algebra techniques.[35] Most Trilinos packages are licensed under a Modified BSD License.[35]
  • Xyce is an open source, SPICE-compatible, high-performance analog circuit simulator, capable of solving extremely large circuit problems.[36]

In addition, Sandia National Laboratories collaborates with Kitware, Inc. in developing the Visualization Toolkit (VTK), a cross-platform graphics and visualization software suite.[37] This collaboration has focused on enhancing the information visualization capabilities of VTK and has in turn fed back into other projects such as ParaView and Titan.[31][33][37]

Self-guided bullet

On January 30, 2012, Sandia announced that it successfully test-fired a self-guided dart that can hit targets at 2,000 m (2,187 yd). The dart is 4 in (100 mm) long, has its center of gravity at the nose, and is made to be fired from a small-caliber smoothbore gun. It is kept straight in flight by four electromagnetically actuated fins encased in a plastic puller sabot that fall off when the dart leaves the bore. The dart cannot be fired from conventional rifled barrels because the gyroscopic stability provided by rifling grooves for regular bullets would prevent the self-guided bullet from reliably turning towards a target when in flight, so fins are responsible for stabilizing rather than spinning. A laser designator marks a target, which is tracked by the dart's optical sensor and 8-bit CPU. The guided projectile is kept cheap because it does not need an inertial measurement unit, since its small size allows it to make the fast corrections necessary without the aid of an IMU. The natural body frequency of the bullet is about 30 hertz, so corrections can be made 30 times per second in flight. Muzzle velocity with commercial gunpowder is 2,400 ft/s (730 m/s) (Mach 2.1), but military customized gunpowder can increase its speed and range. Computer modeling shows that a standard bullet would miss a target at 1,000 m (1,094 yd) by 9.8 yd (9 m), while an equivalent guided bullet would hit within 8 in (20 cm). Accuracy increases as distances get longer, since the bullet's motions settle more the longer it is in flight.[38][39][40]

gollark: The second one is less controversially "yours" than the first.
gollark: Those are different things, though. A face recognition model is going to be trained on a lot of people's faces, and can then generically match faces together. You can then use that to encode someone's face into an embedding vector you can use for matching.
gollark: I had assumed this stuff was now ML-based and so you would just compare embedding vectors or something.
gollark: What are they eigenvectors *of*, exactly?
gollark: eigen is "own" or something, and apparently people prefer that over "characteristic vector/value".

See also

References
  1. "Sandia Facts and Figures". Sandia.gov. Retrieved March 30, 2019.
  2. "Sandia National Laboratories: News Releases : New Sandia Labs Director named".
  3. Ortega, May (January 25, 2017). "Director, deputy director of Sandia National Labs announced". www.bizjournals.com. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
  4. "Sandia FAQ". Sandia.gov. Retrieved April 30, 2019.
  5. "Sandia National Laboratories: Locations: Kauai Test Facility". www.sandia.gov. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
  6. "NNSA Awards Sandia National Laboratories Management & Operating Contract to National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia (NTESS)".
  7. Michael Coleman; Kevin Robinson-Avila. "Updated: Honeywell selected to manage Sandia labs".
  8. Press, Associated (December 17, 2016). "Honeywell Unit Wins $2.6 Billion Contract to Manage Sandia National Laboratories" – via Wall Street Journal.
  9. "Jill Hruby | Leadership & Staff | About | NTI". www.nti.org.
  10. "New Sandia director will be first woman to lead national security lab". Sandia National Laboratories. July 22, 2015. Archived from the original on July 22, 2015.
  11. "Paul Hommert named director for Sandia | Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory". www.llnl.gov.
  12. Writer, John Fleck | Journal Staff. "Update: Hunter to Step Down as Sandia Head". www.abqjournal.com.
  13. "Sandia National Labs: News: Sandia Labs undergoes management changes". share-ng.sandia.gov.
  14. "Narath, Albert, 1933-". history.aip.org.
  15. "Lab News" (PDF). www.sandia.gov. January 1, 2018. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
  16. Labs, Sandia (January 19, 2017). "Sandia National Laboratories: Irwin Welber, Sandia's 9th president, passes away at 92". Sandia Labs.
  17. "Read "Memorial Tributes: Volume 17" at NAP.edu" – via www.nap.edu.
  18. "Morgan Sparks | Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory". www.llnl.gov.
  19. Ullrich, Rebecca (July 1, 1998). "Tech Area II: A history" (PDF). sandia.gov. Ktech Corporation. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
  20. "Sandia National Laboratories: About Sandia: Sandia's Government Owned/Contractor Operated heritage". www.sandia.gov. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
  21. Carey, Liz (September 28, 2017). "Plan ready to decontaminate subways in the event of a biological attack". Homeland Preparedness News. Retrieved October 11, 2017.
  22. Scott Sandlin, "Analyst, Sandia Settle Suit", Albuquerque Journal, 14 October 2007
  23. Coleman, Michael. (August 24, 2015). "Feds fine Sandia for improper lobbying" Albuquerque Journal website Retrieved January 27, 2017.
  24. "Main Page — FCLib". Sandia National Laboratories. Archived from the original on May 27, 2010. Retrieved October 4, 2010.
  25. "Award Winning Data Analysis Toolkit Released" (PDF). ASCe News Quarterly Newsletter. Sandia National Laboratories. January 2007. Retrieved October 4, 2010.
  26. "LAMMPS Molecular Dynamics Simulator". Sandia National Laboratories. Retrieved October 3, 2010.
  27. "The LibVMI Project". Sandia National Laboratories. Archived from the original on March 4, 2012. Retrieved November 18, 2011.
  28. "MapReduce-MPI Library". Sandia National Laboratories. Retrieved October 3, 2010.
  29. "MTGL". Sandia National Laboratories. Retrieved October 4, 2010.
  30. Berry, Jonathan W.; Bruce Hendrickson; Simon Kahan; Petr Konecny (March 2007). Software and Algorithms for Graph Queries on Multithreaded Architectures. Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium, 2007. pp. 1–14. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.421.7457. doi:10.1109/IPDPS.2007.370685. ISBN 978-1-4244-0909-9.
  31. "ParaView — Open Source Scientific Visualization". Kitware. Retrieved October 3, 2010.
  32. "Sandia National Laboratories:Soccoro". Sandia National Laboratories. Retrieved October 3, 2010.
  33. "Titan Toolkit". Sandia National Laboratories. Archived from the original on December 16, 2010. Retrieved October 3, 2010.
  34. "Main Page — InfovisWiki". Kitware, Inc. Archived from the original on September 18, 2010. Retrieved October 3, 2010.
  35. "The Trilinos Project". Sandia National Laboratories. Retrieved January 4, 2017.
  36. "Sandia National Laboratories: Xyce Parallel Electronic Simulator (Xyce)".
  37. "VTK — The Visualization Toolkit". Kitware, Inc. Retrieved October 3, 2010.
  38. Laser-Guided Bullets: Sub-MOA at Over a Mile - Guns.com, 2 February 2012
  39. The First Self Guided Bullet - Thefirearmblog.com, 31 January 2012
  40. Self-guided bullet could hit laser-marked targets from a mile away - Gizmag.com, 31 January 2012

Further reading

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