Cyrus Chothia

Cyrus Homi Chothia (19 February 1942 – 26 November 2019)[1] FRS[21][2] was an English biochemist who was an emeritus scientist at the Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB) at the University of Cambridge[22][23] and emeritus fellow of Wolfson College, Cambridge.[21][24][25][26][27][28][29]

Cyrus Chothia

FRS
Cyrus Chothia at the ISMB conference in 2015.
Born
Cyrus Homi Chothia

(1942-02-19)19 February 1942[1]
Died26 November 2019(2019-11-26) (aged 77)[2]
EducationAlleyn's School[3]
Alma mater
Awards
Scientific career
Institutions
ThesisThe crystal structures of some molecules active at cholinergic nerve receptors (1973)
Doctoral advisorPeter J. Pauling[7]
Other academic advisorsMichael Levitt[8]
Frederic M. Richards[8]
Doctoral students
Other notable studentsArthur Lesk (postdoc)
Websitewww2.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/group-leaders/emeritus/cyrus-chothia

Education

Chothia was educated at Alleyn's School,[3] then went to study at Durham University graduating with a Bachelor of Science degree in 1965.[1] Chothia then completed a Master of Science degree at Birkbeck College in 1967 and a PhD from University College London[30] under the supervision of Peter Pauling,[31] the son of Linus Pauling.

Research and career

After his PhD Chothia worked in the Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB) for three years. He then worked with Michael Levitt[8] at the Weizmann Institute of Science[32][33] followed by two years with Joel Janin at the Institut Pasteur in Paris.[34]

In 1976 Chothia returned to England to work at University College London and the LMB. With Arthur Lesk[6][35] he showed that proteins adapt to mutations by changes in structure.

In 1992 he proposed that most proteins are built of domains that come from a small number of families.[36] He collaborated with Alexey Murzin, Steven Brenner and Tim Hubbard to create the Structural Classification of Proteins database (SCOP),[37][38] a periodic table for all known protein structures. With Julian Gough[17] he created the Superfamily database[39] which uses Hidden Markov models to identify protein sequences that are related to those of known structures.

During his career, Chothia supervised 19 successful PhD students to completion[40] including Alex Bateman,[9] Steven E. Brenner,[13] Mark Bender Gerstein,[14] Julian Gough,[16] Sarah Teichmann,[18] Bissan Al-Lazikani,[41][42][43] Goga Apic,[44] Samantha Barré[45] Matthew Bashton,[46][47][48][49] Dan Bolser,[50] Michael Bremang,[51] Bernard de Bono,[52][53] Emma Ganley (née Hill),[54][55][56] Martin Madera,[57][58] Siarhei Maslau,[59] Susan Miller,[60][61][62] Jong Park (aka Jong Bhak),[63][64][65] Rajkumar Sasidharan,[66][67] and Christine Vogel.[68][69]

Awards and honours

Chothia was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2000.[1] His certificate of election and candidature reads:

Dr Chothia has shown how the amino sequences of proteins determine their structure, function and evolution. From an analysis of their structural regularities, he has developed a classification of protein structures that is now in general use. His picture of protein evolution suggests how proteins diverge and gain new functions. He has helped us to understand how their apparently limited set of slightly different structures allow immunoglobin to recognise an almost limitless variety of different antigens.[70]

In 2015, Chothia was elected a Fellow of the International Society for Computational Biology (ISCB)[71] and was awarded the ISCB Accomplishment by a Senior Scientist Award in honour of his work in using computational methods to understand protein structure.[4][72]

Alongside David Haussler and Michael Waterman, Chothia was awarded the 2015 Dan David Prize for his contributions to the field of bioinformatics.[5]

gollark: I'd be interested in a model/view/update style UI library.
gollark: Yes, I saw.
gollark: I would say coroutines are actually needed here though.
gollark: Some offense, but this seems to be true.
gollark: If you want to be ridiculous, you can make some sort of glusterFS style thing.

References
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  2. "Cyrus Chothia (1942–2019)". Retrieved 27 November 2019.
  3. "Dan David Prize Awarded to Dr Cyrus Chothia". Alleyn's School. Archived from the original on 23 March 2015.
  4. "ISCB Cyrus Chothia, Curtis Huttenhower, and Larry Hunter Named 2015 ISCB Award Winners". Archived from the original on 11 February 2015.
  5. "Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales among 2015 Dan David Prize winners". Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  6. Lesk, A.; Chothia, C. (1980). "How different amino acid sequences determine similar protein structures: The structure and evolutionary dynamics of the globins". Journal of Molecular Biology. 136 (3): 225–270. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(80)90373-3. PMID 7373651.
  7. Cyrus Chothia at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
  8. "Cyrus H. Chothia, Chemistry Tree". Archived from the original on 27 February 2015.
  9. Bateman, Alexander George (1997). Evolution of the structure and function of the immunoglobulin superfamily (PhD thesis). University of Cambridge.
  10. "Dr Alex Bateman – Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute". Archived from the original on 25 February 2012.
  11. Bateman, A; Eddy, S. R.; Chothia, C (1996). "Members of the immunoglobulin superfamily in bacteria". Protein Science. 5 (9): 1939–41. doi:10.1002/pro.5560050923. PMC 2143528. PMID 8880921.
  12. Bateman, A; Chothia, C (1995). "Outline structures for the extracellular domains of the fibroblast growth factor receptors". Nature Structural Biology. 2 (12): 1068–74. doi:10.1038/nsb1295-1068. PMID 8846218.
  13. Brenner, Steven Elliot (1996). Molecular propinquity : evolutionary and structural relationships of proteins. lib.cam.ac.uk (PhD thesis). University of Cambridge. EThOS uk.bl.ethos.596888.
  14. Gerstein, Mark Bender (1992). Protein recognition : surfaces and conformational change (PhD thesis). University of Cambridge.
  15. Gerstein, M.; Chothia, C. (1991). "Analysis of protein loop closure. Two types of hinges produce one motion in lactate dehydrogenase". Journal of Molecular Biology. 220 (1): 133–149. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(91)90387-L. PMID 2067013.
  16. Gough, Julian John Thurstan (2002). Hidden Markov models and their application to genome analysis in the context of protein structure (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of Cambridge. EThOS uk.bl.ethos.599547. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 March 2015.
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  18. Teichmann, Sarah Amalia (1999). Genome evolution : analysing proteomes with new methods (PhD thesis). University of Cambridge.
  19. Park, J; Teichmann, S. A.; Hubbard, T; Chothia, C (1997). "Intermediate sequences increase the detection of homology between sequences". Journal of Molecular Biology. 273 (1): 349–54. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1997.1288. PMID 9367767.
  20. Teichmann, S. A.; Park, J; Chothia, C (1998). "Structural assignments to the Mycoplasma genitalium proteins show extensive gene duplications and domain rearrangements". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 95 (25): 14658–63. Bibcode:1998PNAS...9514658T. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.25.14658. PMC 24505. PMID 9843945.
  21. "Wolfson College: Emeritus Fellow Dr Cyrus Chothia MA MSc FRS". Archived from the original on 25 February 2012.
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  23. "Structural genomics and protein structure". Mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 14 February 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2014.
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  27. Lewis, T. E.; Sillitoe, I; Andreeva, A; Blundell, T. L.; Buchan, D. W.; Chothia, C; Cozzetto, D; Dana, J. M.; Filippis, I; Gough, J; Jones, D. T.; Kelley, L. A.; Kleywegt, G. J.; Minneci, F; Mistry, J; Murzin, A. G.; Ochoa-Montaño, B; Oates, M. E.; Punta, M; Rackham, O. J.; Stahlhacke, J; Sternberg, M. J.; Velankar, S; Orengo, C (2015). "Genome3D: Exploiting structure to help users understand their sequences". Nucleic Acids Research. 43 (Database issue): D382–6. doi:10.1093/nar/gku973. PMC 4384030. PMID 25348407.
  28. Chothia, C; Gough, J; Vogel, C; Teichmann, S. A. (2003). "Evolution of the protein repertoire". Science. 300 (5626): 1701–3. Bibcode:2003Sci...300.1701C. doi:10.1126/science.1085371. PMID 12805536. S2CID 27681885.
  29. Cyrus Chothia's publications indexed by the Scopus bibliographic database. (subscription required)
  30. Chothia, Cyrus (1973). The crystal structures of some molecules active at cholinergic nerve receptors. proquest.com (PhD thesis). University College London.
  31. Chothia, C.; Pauling, P. (1969). "On the conformations of hallucinogenic molecules and their correlation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 63 (4): 1063–1070. Bibcode:1969PNAS...63.1063C. doi:10.1073/pnas.63.4.1063. PMC 223427. PMID 4311249.
  32. Chothia, C.; Levitt, M.; Richardson, D. (1977). "Structure of proteins: Packing of alpha-helices and pleated sheets". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 74 (10): 4130–4134. Bibcode:1977PNAS...74.4130C. doi:10.1073/pnas.74.10.4130. PMC 431889. PMID 270659.
  33. Levitt, M.; Chothia, C. (1976). "Structural patterns in globular proteins". Nature. 261 (5561): 552–558. Bibcode:1976Natur.261..552L. doi:10.1038/261552a0. PMID 934293.
  34. Sweet, R.; Wright, H.; Janin, J.; Chothia, C.; Blow, D. (1974). "Crystal structure of the complex of porcine trypsin with soybean trypsin inhibitor (Kunitz) at 2.6-A resolution". Biochemistry. 13 (20): 4212–4228. doi:10.1021/bi00717a024. PMID 4472048.
  35. Lesk, A.; Chothia, C. (1980). "Solvent accessibility, protein surfaces, and protein folding". Biophysical Journal. 32 (1): 35–47. Bibcode:1980BpJ....32...35L. doi:10.1016/S0006-3495(80)84914-9. PMC 1327253. PMID 7248454.
  36. Chothia, Cyrus (1992). "One thousand families for the molecular biologist". Nature. 357 (6379): 543–4. Bibcode:1992Natur.357..543C. doi:10.1038/357543a0. PMID 1608464.
  37. Hubbard, T.; Murzin, A.; Brenner, S.; Chothia, C. (1997). "SCOP: A structural classification of proteins database". Nucleic Acids Research. 25 (1): 236–239. doi:10.1093/nar/25.1.236. PMC 146380. PMID 9016544.
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  43. Al-Lazikani, B; Lesk, A. M.; Chothia, C (2000). "Canonical structures for the hypervariable regions of T cell alphabeta receptors". Journal of Molecular Biology. 295 (4): 979–95. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1999.3358. PMID 10656805.
  44. Apic, Gordana (2003). Evolution of multidomain proteins in genomes. lib.cam.ac.uk (PhD thesis). University of Cambridge. OCLC 894594841. EThOS uk.bl.ethos.619919.
  45. Barré, Samantha; Greenberg, Andrew S.; Flajnik, Martin F.; Chothia, Cyrus (1994). "Structural conservation of hypervariable regions in immunoglobulins evolution". Nature Structural Biology. 1 (12): 915–920. doi:10.1038/nsb1294-915. ISSN 1072-8368. PMID 7773781.
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  49. Bashton, M; Chothia, C (2007). "The generation of new protein functions by the combination of domains". Structure. 15 (1): 85–99. doi:10.1016/j.str.2006.11.009. PMID 17223535.
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  51. Bremang, Michael Anthony (2012). The mouse protein repertoire : studies on alternative splicing, function and quality (PhD thesis). University of Cambridge.
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  66. Sasidharan, Rajkumar (2004). Protein evolution : the selection of acceptable mutations (PhD thesis). University of Cambridge.
  67. Sasidharan, R.; Chothia, C. (2007). "The selection of acceptable protein mutations". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (24): 10080–10085. Bibcode:2007PNAS..10410080S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0703737104. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1891269. PMID 17540730.
  68. Vogel, Christine (2004). A domain perspective on the evolution of the protein repertoire (PhD thesis). University of Cambridge.
  69. Vogel, Christine; Chothia, Cyrus (2006). "Protein Family Expansions and Biological Complexity". PLOS Computational Biology. 2 (5): e48. Bibcode:2006PLSCB...2...48V. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.0020048. ISSN 1553-734X. PMC 1464810. PMID 16733546.
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