Cybistetes

Cybistetes (Ammocharis longifolia) was a monotypic genus within the family Amaryllidaceae. Its single species was Cybistetes longifolia. The genus was placed in tribe Amaryllideae of subfamily Amaryllidoideae. Subsequently it was transferred to genus Ammocharis, as Ammocharis longifolia.

Cybistetes
Cybistetes longifolia = Ammocharis longifolia
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Amaryllidaceae
Subfamily: Amaryllidoideae
Subtribe: Crininae
Genus: Cybistetes
Milne-Redh. & Schweick.[1]
Synonyms[2]
Lilium Africanum Polyanthos in Paradisus batavus, 1698

Description

Cybistetes longifolia is a perennial geophyte with large (100–150 mm) bulbs, 9–14 prostrate leaves, a 13–90 flowered inflorescence, flowers funnel-shaped, ivory or pale to dark pink, tepals connate forming a floral tube.

It is distinguished from Ammocharis (i.e. other species of Ammocharis) by the presence of zygomorphic flowers, as opposed to actinomorphic, and by its seed dispersal mechanism, with a wind blown indehiscent infructescence (fruiting head) that gave it its name.[3] The fruiting head dries rapidly and is shed as a single unit, which the rolls away (tumbles), born by the wind.[4] Another distinguishing feature in the infructescence is the pedicels, which elongate, spread apart, stiffen and ultimately radiate equally in all directions.[5][6][7]

Taxonomy

History

The taxon was originally described by Linnaeus in 1753 as Amaryllis longifolia, one of eight species in that genus,[8] but was well known and cultivated in Europe long before that, Linnaeus basing his description on Paul Hermann's Paradisus Batavus (1698) as Lilium Africanum Polyanthos.[9] Since then it has had a complicated history as detailed by Milne-Redhead and Schweickerdt, being variously placed in Crinum and Brunsvigia.[2]

Cybistetes was one of three genera in subtribe Crininae and Cybistetes longifolia has been considered a synonym for Ammocharis longifolia in the closely related genus Ammocharis since 2007,[3][7] and is treated as such by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families.[10] Prior to that it was treated as a separate genus by taxonomists[1][11][12] in a Sister) relationship to Ammocharis. In that configuration the third genus of subtribe Crininae, Crinum was then in a sister relationship to the Cybistetes+Ammocharis clade.[12]

Cybistetes was described by Milne-Redhead and Schweickerdt in 1939,[1] and fairly consistently treated as a separate genus, being distinct from Ammocharis in both distribution and seed dispersal, and was grouped within Crininae by recircumscription of this subtribe in 2001, based on molecular phylogenetics.[12] Milne-Redhead and Schweickerdt had segregated Cybistetes from Ammocharis largely on the basis of infructescence structure. For Cybistetes the entire infructescence of indehiscent fruits is the dispersal unit (anemogeochory ). By contrast Ammocharis fruits are dehiscent and infrutescence is lax.[7][13][14] However Snijman and Linder (1996) had suggested, on morphological grounds alone that Cybistetes and Ammocharis be embedded in Crinum, there being insufficient synapomorphy to separate them, nevertheless they retained the distinction in their delineation of the subtribe (which incidentally contained Boophone).[13] Although Germishuizen and Meyer embedded Cybistetes in Ammocharis in their original (2003) Plants of Southern Africa,[5] the 2007 online version lists it separately.[6]

Eventually a much more detailed study in 2007 with a greater sampling of Ammocharis showed that Cybistetes is indeed embedded in Ammocharis as A. longifolia, where it is sister to A. angolensis.[3] Snijman and Kolberg (2011) provide a key to the entire genus of Ammocharis, including A. longifolia. There, it is distinguished from A. deserticola by its short perigone tube of only 8–15 mm long, relative to the latter (50–90 mm)[4]

Etymology

Cybistetes Greek: κυβιστητης, or tumbler, after the way the wind tumbles the infructescence.[2]

Distribution

Southern Namibia and western Cape Province,[12] which constitute the extreme western region of winter rainfall in southern Africa.[4]

Left to right: Flowering inflorescence, fruiting inflorescence, tumbling infruitescence
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References
  1. Milne-Redhead & Schweickerdt 1939, 52: 189.
  2. Milne-Redhead & Schweickerdt 1939.
  3. Kwembeya et al 2007.
  4. Snijman & Kolberg 2011.
  5. Germishuizen & Meyer 2003.
  6. Germishuizen & Meyer 2003, Cybistetes.
  7. Snijman & Williamson 1994.
  8. Linnaeus 1753, Amaryllis pp. 292–293.
  9. Hermann 1705, p. 195.
  10. WCLSPF 2015, Cybistetes.
  11. Müller-Doblies & Müller-Doblies 1996.
  12. Meerow & Snijman 2001.
  13. Snijman & Linder 1996.
  14. Meerow et al 2003.

Bibliography
  • Hermann, Paul (1705) [1698]. Paradisus Batavus, Continens Plus centum Plantas affabre aere incisas & Descriptionibus illustratas; Cui Accessit Catalogus Plantarum, quas pro Tomis nondum editis, delineandas curaverat (2nd ed.). Leiden: Elzevier.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Linnaeus, C. (1753). Species Plantarum. Stockholm: Laurentii Salvii. Retrieved 18 April 2015.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Meerow, Alan W.; Lehmiller, David J.; Clayton, Jason R. (March 2003). "Phylogeny and biogeography of Crinum L. (Amaryllidaceae) inferred from nuclear and limited plastid non-coding DNA sequences". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 141 (3): 349–363. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.00142.x.
  • Kwembeya, Ezekeil G.; Bjorå, Charlotte S.; Stedje, Brita; Nordal, Inger (1 August 2007). "Phylogenetic Relationships in the Genus Crinum (Amaryllidaceae) with Emphasis on Tropical African Species: Evidence from trnL-F and Nuclear ITS DNA Sequence Data". Taxon. 56 (3): 801. doi:10.2307/25065863. JSTOR 25065863.
  • Germishuizen, G.; Meyer, N.L., eds. (2003). "Plants of Southern Africa: an annotated checklist" (PDF). Strelitzia. 14 (i–vi): 1–1231. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-27.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) (online version)
  • Milne-Redhead, E.; Schweickerdt, H. G. (October 1939). "A new conception of the genus Ammocharis Herb". Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany. 52 (342): 159–197. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1939.tb01601.x.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Müller-Doblies, U.; Müller-Doblies, D. (1996). "Tribes and subtribes and some species combinations in Amaryllidaceae J St Hil R Dahlgren & al. 1985". Feddes Repertorium. 107 (5–6): S.c.1–S.c.9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Meerow, Alan W.; Snijman, Deirdre A. (December 2001). "Phylogeny of Amaryllidaceae Tribe Amaryllideae Based on nrDNA ITS Sequences and Morphology". American Journal of Botany. 88 (12): 2321–2330. doi:10.2307/3558392. JSTOR 3558392.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Snijman, D. A.; Williamson, G. (15 December 1994). "A taxonomic re-assessment of Ammocharis herrei and Cybistetes longifolia (Amaryllideae: Amaryllidaceae)". Bothalia. 24 (2): 127–132. doi:10.4102/abc.v24i2.762.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Snijman, D. A.; Linder, H. P. (1996). "Phylogenetic Relationships, Seed Characters, and Dispersal System Evolution in Amaryllideae (Amaryllidaceae)". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 83 (3): 362–386. doi:10.2307/2399866. JSTOR 2399866.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Snijman, D. A.; Kolberg, H. (2011). "Ammocharis deserticola (Amaryllideae), a new species from Namibia and a key to species of the genus" (PDF). Bothalia. 41 (2): 308–311. doi:10.4102/abc.v41i2.69.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • "World Checklist of Selected Plant Families". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 8 August 2015.
  • "Ammocharis longifolia (L.) M. Roem". Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques. SANBI. 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
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