Crosville Motor Services

Crosville Motor Services was a bus operator based in the north-west of England and north and mid-Wales.

This article is about the former bus operator in North Wales and North West England. For the former operator in Weston-super-Mare, see Crosville Motor Services (Weston-super-Mare).
Crosville Motor Services
Eastern Coach Works bodied Bristol VRT
Founded1906
HeadquartersChester
Service areaCheshire
Lancashire
Flintshire
North-mid Wales
Liverpool
Service typeBus operator

History
Crosville bus stop poster at Porters Lodge, Aberystwyth

On 27 October 1906, Crosville Motor Company was formed in Chester by George Crosland Taylor and his French business associate Georges de Ville, with the intention of building motor cars. The company name was a portmanteau on the names of the founders.

In 1909, Crosville commenced its first bus service, between Chester and Ellesmere Port. By 1929 Crosville had consolidated an operating area covering the Wirral and parts of Lancashire, Cheshire and Flintshire.

The Railways (Road Transport) Act, 1928 gave the four railway companies the opportunity to provide bus services. But rather than run in competition they bought into or purchased outright existing bus companies. In February 1929, the London, Midland and Scottish Railway made an offer of £400,000 to purchase Crosville, which was effected in November 1929. The new LMS (Crosville) company then in the next few months purchased Holyhead Motors, and UNU Motor Services of Caernarfon.

Shortly afterwards, the four railway companies reached an agreement with the Tilling Group and British Automobile Traction (T&BAT) to complete a cross-holding deal, whereby each organisation held a 50% share in a series of jointly-held and consolidated regional bus companies. LMS (Crosville) was therefore merged with T&BAT's Royal Blue of Llandudno, and renamed Crosville Motor Services on 15 May 1930, after only nine months of outright LMS ownership.[1]

In the next few months the company consolidated its majority share of the North Wales coastal services, buying up various smaller private companies that operated in the Crosville area, including: White Rose Motor Services of Rhyl, Red Dragon of Denbigh, Burton of Tarporley, North Wales Silver Motors and Llangoed Red Motors. On 1 May 1933, the Great Western Railway's northern Welsh service Western Transport was amalgamated with Crosville.

In 1930 All-British Travels Ltd was formed by coach operators George Taylor of Chester, Alfred Harding of Birkenhead and J.W. Scott of Edinburgh, with sleeping partner Evan R. Davies, a solicitor in Pwllheli. Under the fleet name of 'All-British Line' the initial intention was to run express coach services to and from Liverpool and Llandudno to London via Taylor's Market Square car showroom in Chester and to operate a central London travel agency to advertise those services and the other coach services of the respective companies. This express coach service to London commenced on 14 April 1930. By 1933 Crosville, who had also started an express coach service between Liverpool and London in 1929 and All-British Travels Ltd, attempted to co-ordinate the Liverpool to London service, thereby complying with the North Western Traffic Commissioner's decree to reduce the duplication of that service. A joint timetable was worked on but problems co-ordinating the service proved impossible to surmount. In January 1933 the coach operator, Red & White Services of Chepstow in South Wales, purchased All-British Travels Ltd and in September of that year the remaining All-British Line express coach service between Liverpool and London operated by Taylor ceased. Taylor continued in the coach excursion business and car trade in Chester up to 1972.

Second World War

Although the start of the Second World War brought about cuts in the company timetable, by the end of the war the company had increased passengers by 50% and revenues by 90%. This was through North Wales being seen as a safe area from Luftwaffe bombing, resulting in a number of shadow factories and munitions factories being built in the area. This resulted in the expansion of a number of formerly quiet villages, and hence the route map changed quite dramatically. In example, ROF Wrexham, Marchwiel needed over 200 buses daily.

This passenger demand brought about a change in fleet policy, with the relatively small double deck fleet being considerably expanded, mostly with second-hand vehicles as production capacity at most bus manufacturers had been given over meet the requirements of the military. On 3 December 1942, Crosville became a subsidiary of the Tilling Group, resulting in a change from maroon to Tilling-green livery, and Bristol-chassised buses replacing Leyland as the manufacturer of choice.

Crosville emerged from the war far stronger in many ways, with healthy cash reserves in the bank or accumulating nicely in property assets, unable to replace their fleet at their normal renewal rate. However, although Crosville focused on replacing its single-deck fleet with double deckers, Tilling had a group policy against investment in coaches, resulting in a rise across the geography of a number of new coach operators. By the time that the post-war government of Clement Attlee merged both Tilling and the railway companies into the British Transport Commission on 1 January 1948, and Crosville was nationalised, the coach operators were a sustainable competitive entity.

1948–67
Preserved Bristol in August 2012
Preserved Bristol MW in June 2009
Preserved Bristol RE in May 2013
Preserved Eastern Coach Works bodied Bristol VRT in September 2011

New Bristol double-deckers had become the standard fleet purchase for all Tilling/BET fleets, which allowed the company to serve the post-war boom until 1950, when traffic began to fall again thanks to the increase in the number of private cars. The combination of this, plus the Suez Crisis of 1956 and a lack of staff due to low wages, lead to a general contraction of the network out of countryside routes and to reduce operations by at least half on a Sunday. The network continued to decline, except in the provision of a new service to replace railways removed by the Beeching Axe, with the 1965 introduced "Cymru Coastliner," between Chester and Caernarfon anticipating the closure of that British Rail route and the intermediate stations.

1968–85

The Transport Act 1968 created the National Bus Company (NBC), and introduced the principle that rural bus services could be subsidised by councils. Although they had reduced costs by the introduction of one-man operation, Crosville submitted a list of 196 routes that required financial assistance.

With the transfer of routes of the North Western Road Car Company within Greater Manchester to the local Passenger Transport Executive in 1971, NBC split the residual services of NWRCC between Trent and Crosville, with the latter company taking over 119 vehicles and depots in Northwich, Macclesfield and Biddulph in March 1972. A consolidation of companies within NBC resulted in Crosville taking over services in parts of West Wales from Western Welsh, including those from the depots in New Quay, Newcastle Emlyn and Lampeter.

The company continued to consolidate and reduce its network through the 1980s, making losses of £1M in 1980 and £2M in 1981. Rebranding of local services in metropolitan areas assisted in flattening the rate of decline in revenues, but losses continued to mount.

Deregulation

On 13 February 1986, the Secretary of State for Transport decided that, because of their size, the four largest NBC companies would be split, as they provided too great a competitive threat to deregulation. Crosville was split into two, with the English and Welsh operations divided between two businesses.[2] Ultimately, both businesses were acquired by the Drawlane Group.[3]

Crosville Cymru was to remain generally in one piece, but most of the remainder of Crosville based in England was split between then-sister companies Midland Red North and the new North Western company based in Liverpool. The latter move was quite a reversal of fortunes, as much of Crosville's territory in the eastern half of Cheshire had been gained from the original North Western company at its dismemberment in 1972.

On 25 March 1988, Crosville was sold to ATL (Western).[4][5] In 1989 Crosville was sold to National Express passing with the business in 1991 to the Drawlane Group,[6] which in 1992 restructured to become British Bus.[7][8] On 1 August 1996 British Bus was purchased by the Cowie Group.[9] It traded as Arriva Cymru until February 2002, when it merged with Arriva North West to form Arriva North West & Wales.[10][11][12]

The remaining Crosville operations in the Wirral and Chester area were sold in February 1990 to Potteries Motor Transport who retained the Crosville name, but the name passed into history ten years later when rebranded as First Chester & The Wirral.[13] Following losses, the business was sold with depots in Chester, Rock Ferry and Wrexham to Stagecoach Merseyside & South Lancashire in December 2012.[14][15][16]

Revival
Main article: Crosville Motor Services (Weston-super-Mare)

The Crosville Motor Service name was resurrected by a new operator[17] that operated in Weston-super-Mare from 2011 until 2018. As well as modern vehicles, it had a heritage fleet which includes several vehicles from the original Crosville fleet.[18]

However the Crosville Cymru / Crosville Wales Limited name also exists but not with Arriva. Gwasanaethau Cerbyd Crosville Motor Services Limited also exists. The word ‘Gwasanaethau’ is the Welsh for ‘Services‘ and the word Cerbyd’ is Welsh for ‘Vehicle’. Both company names are registered in Wales.

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References
  1. Companies House extract company no 248119 North British Bus Limited formerly Crosville Motor Services Limited
  2. NBC loses battle on company carve-up Commercial Motor 22 February 1986 page 3
  3. Drawlane splits CMS Commercial Motor 2 November 1989 page 17
  4. Companies House extract company no 2173039 BWS Cymru Cyfyngedig Limited formerly Nextcity Limited formerly ATL (Western) Limited
  5. Two more NBC operations sold Commercial Motor 31 March 1988 page 16
  6. Drawlane snaps up NEG Commercial Motor 4 July 1991 page 8
  7. Companies House extract company no 1997776 British Bus (Company Secretaries) Limited formerly British Bus Limited
  8. Competition Commission report 1996 Archived 18 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine paragraphs 3.5 to 3.7
  9. Cowie buys British Bus for £282m Herald Scotland 1 August 1996
  10. Companies House extract company no 155374 Arriva Cymru Limited formerly Crosville Wales Limited
  11. Arriva Buses Wales – History Arriva Wales
  12. Arriva North West – History Arriva
  13. PMT snaps up last of Crosville Commercial Motor 8 February 1990 page 29
  14. More First businesses sold to Stagecoach Archived 28 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine Bus & Coach Professional 12 November 2012
  15. Bus firm Stagecoach snaps up service from FirstGroup BBC News 12 November 2012
  16. £4.5 million bus buyout for Stagecoach in region Archived 11 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine Chester Standard 12 November 2012
  17. Companies House extract company no 5706548 Crosville Motor Services Limited
  18. Wilcox, Tracy (14 November 2011). "Coach firm offers vintage bus hire service". coachbroker.co.uk. Retrieved 12 January 2012.

Further reading
  • Anderson, RC; History of Crosville Motor Services; David & Charles plc 2001; ISBN 0-7153-8088-5
  • Banks, John; The Prestige Series – Crosville; Venture Publications; 2001; ISBN 1-898432-39-2
  • Carroll, John; 75 Years of Crosville; Transport Publishing Company; 1981; ISBN 0-903839-70-9
  • Carroll, John & Duncan Roberts; Crosville Motor Services : Part 1 – The First 40 Years; Venture Publications; 1995; ISBN 1-898432-12-0
  • Crosland-Taylor, WJ; Crosville: The Sowing and The Harvest; Transport Publishing Company; 1987; ISBN 0-86317-136-2
  • Crosland-Taylor, WJ; Crosville: State Owned Without Tears; Transport Publishing Company; 1987; ISBN 0-86317-139-7
  • Hillmer, John; Exploring Crosville Country: Part 1: England; Past & Present Publishing; 2005; ISBN 1-85895-248-4
  • Hillmer, John; Exploring Crosville Country: Part 2: Wales; Past & Present Publishing; 2005; ISBN 1-85895-249-2
  • Jenkins, Martin & Charles Roberts; The Heyday of Crosville; Ian Allan; 2009; ISBN 0-7110-3401-X
  • Maund, TB; Crosville on Merseyside; Transport Publishing; 1992; ISBN 0-86317-168-0
  • Maund, TB; Motor Coach Services from Merseyside 1920 – 1940 Part 2 – The Independents; The Omnibus Society; 1980; ISBN 0 901307 386
  • Roberts, Duncan; Crosville Motor Services : Part 2 : 1945 – 1990; NBC Books; 1997; ISBN 0-9531895-0-3
  • Roberts, Duncan; Crosville 3 – The Successors; NBC Books; 2001;
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